new new Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
3 types of vesicle (imms)
A
lysosome, secretory, transport
2
Q
3 types of cell surface receptor
A
ion channel (opens) g protein (activates protein causing ion channel to open) enzyme linked (receptor linked to intracellular enzyme)
3
Q
clathrin
A
protein that coats pits and then vesicles, in endocytosis (vesicle then binds to endosome in cell)
4
Q
cell communication. 3 types
A
autocrine - same cell
paracrine- nearby
endocrine- into blood
5
Q
what is a coenzyme
A
a substance that enhances the action of an enzyme
6
Q
what unwinds dna from supercoiled-ness
A
topoisomerase
7
Q
eg of autosomal dominant autosome recessive sec linked (x)
A
- huntingtons, polycystic kidney
- cystic fibrosis, sickle cell
- haemophilia, musclular dystrophy
8
Q
which part of the nasal cavity does each paranasal sinus drain into
A
frontal- middle meatus
ethmoid- superior and middle meatus
maxillary- middle meatus sphenoid - sphenoethmoidal recess
9
Q
pharynx constrictor muscles (3 of each)
A
circular
- superior (oropharynx)
- middle and inferior (laryngopharynx)
longitudinal
- stylopharyngeus
- palatopharyngeus
- salpingopharyngeus
10
Q
pharynx blood supply
A
external carotid
11
Q
carotid sheath=
A
common carotid artery
internal jugular vein
vagus
12
Q
2 lobes of thyroid connected by
A
isthmus
13
Q
thyroid blood supply
A
superioir thyroid artery= from external carotid
inferior thyroid artery = from subclavian
14
Q
physical process of breathing (2)
A
ribsss
anteroposterior -anterioir part moves forward as well as up (pump handle )
transverse - middle part moves out as well as up (bucket handle)
15
Q
muscles for active breathing
A
internal intercostals
pacmajor
sternocleidomastoid
abdominal muscles
16
Q
trans pulmonary pressure
A
pressure difference between inside and outside of lungs
17
Q
SASR
where
stimulated by
effect
whats it picking up
A
smooth muscle
lung distention
inhibits inspiration (begins expiration)
slow, so for chronic over inspiration
18
Q
RASR
where
stimulated by
effect
A
between cells
irritants
bronchodilation
19
Q
gel and coombs. what immunoglob for each, what kind of reaction. example
A
- igE. allergic - binds to mast cells that then release histamine and prostaglandins(hayfever)
- igM. immune system against foreign cells (blood transfusion)
- igG. deposits cause inflammation (lupus)
- T cells. learned immune response. (contact dermatitis)
20
Q
epithelial barrier(3)
A
physical (blocks entry
chemical (proteases)
biological (endogenous bacteria)
21
Q
t helper cells
how do they recognise threat
then what do they do
A
CD4 receptors recognise APCs
cytokines released- these stimulate B cells and T cytoxic
plus immunoglobulins indicate
22
Q
t cytoxic cells recognise threat how
A
CD8 receptor recognises pathogen –> perforin released- breaks down cell (lysis (think lysosome))
plus immunoglobulins indicate
23
Q
myosin structure
A
2 heavy alpha chains, 4 light beta chains
24
Q
actin structure
A
double helix globular protein
25
tropomyosin structure
double peptide chain
26
mean arterial pressure equation
CO x TPR
27
left ventricular filling pressure=
difference between L atrial pressure and L ventricular diastolic pressure
28
endothelium produces what that controls circulation
endothelin- vasoconstrictor
NO, prostacyclin - vasodilator
29
hyperaemia =
when
increase in blood flow
- higher metabolic activity
- occlusion
30
types of aneamia
- acute- bleeding
- iron deficiency -less haemoglobin
- pernicious - B12/ folate deficiency - rbc not produced quickly enough
31
floor of fourth ventricle=
rhomboid fossa
32
calvarium=
top part of skull, opposed to skull base
33
skull sutres (3)
coronal - between frontal and parietal
saggital- between parietal
lambdoid- between parietal and occipital
34
where do the cranial nerves ARISE FROM
cn1, 2- not from brainstem
cn3,4,- from midbrain
cn 5,6,7,8 - from pons
cn 9.10,11,12 - from medulla
35
how many bones fused to form coccyx
4
36
shape of the vertebral foramen and body of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
cervical- triangular foramen, oval body
thoracic- circular foramen, heart-shaped body
lumbar- triangular foramen, kidney-shaped body
37
intermediate muscles of the spine
- names
- role
role of superficial and deep muscles
superior and inferior serratus
rib movement
superficial- shoulder movement
deep-back movement
38
anterior vs lateral spinothalamic tract
```
anterior= crude touch, pressure
lateral= temp, pain
```
39
where does spinothalamic tract synapse
3 orders= 2 synapses
- substantia gelatinosa
- thalamus
40
anterior vs later corticospinal tract
| 3 for each
anterior- decussated at medulla, 85%, going to limbs and digits
lateral- decussate at spinal cord, 15%, going to trunk
41
tectospinal
reticulospinal
rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
- ipsi/contra
- role
tecto= contra, head movement and visual stimuli
reticulo= ipsi, regulates vol movement
rubro- contr, fine movements
vestibulo=ipsi, balance and posture
42
adrenaline/acetyl choline--- symp/para
| peripheral
adrenaline= symp
| acetyl choline= parasymp
43
summation types
spatial (multiple neurones)
| temporal (multiple impulses from same neuron)
44
substantia gelatinosa
where nasty shit synapses
| it is in posterior horn
45
opioids action
prevent nociceptive stimuli reaching thalamus by
- inhibits calcium movement (presynaptic)
- k+ release to hyperpolarize membrane
46
muscle spindle intrafusal fibres innervated by
gamma motor neurons
| prevent muscle spindle being slack during contraction- allows optimum stretch detection
47
Golgi tendon collagen fibres innervated by
afferent fibres
48
hair cells in organ of corti
1 row in inner
3 rows of outer
mechanoreceptors with protruding sterocilia
49
cerebellar lobes
anterior
posterior (beyond primary fissure, NOT horizontal fissure)
flocculonodular(sits anterior and superior to inferior part of cerebellum, just below the peduncle-y bit)
50
cerebellar output=
purkinje fibres
| to dentate nucleus
51
types of bone
long- tubular, hollow, humerus
short- cuboidal, carpal bones
flat bones- curved, protection, skull
irregular bones- vertebra
sesamoid- round/oval, patella
52
scapula and pelvis-- are they axial or appendicular?????
thas right u guessed it, theyre appendicular the sly bastards
53
calcium function
blood clotting
| muscle and nerve function
54
ligamentum teres is what
remnant of umbilical vein
55
are sinusoids fenestrated capillaries?
no, they are discontinuous capillaries- they mix oxygenated blood from hepatic arteries with nutrient-rich blood from portal vein to make a very special and desirable mix for the lucky liver
56
use of vitamins abcdek
a- retinal light adaptation and immune system
b- rbc production
c- collagen production and haemostasis
d- increase calcium and phosphate uptake in intestines
e- prevents rbc destruction, free radical protection
k- blood clotting (factors)
57
source of vitamins adek
a- carrots, dairy, green veg
d- dairy, cod liver oil
e- veg oil, nuts
k- spinach, broccoli, kale
58
enterocyte
small intestine absorbing cell
59
```
proper / active (idk) name of
a
b
d
iron
```
a- retinol
b- folate
d - calcitrol
iron- ferritin
60
iron stored where
hepatocytes and Kupffer cells
61
vit a metabolism
into enterocytes, esterified, incorporated into chylomicrons- so travels in lymph (lacteals)n to liver. here it is de-estrified, bound to protein. stored in lipid in pericytes in sinusoids
62
albumin made where
hepatocytes
63
vldl and chylomcirons have what in common
made where
both transport triglycerides from liver to fat/tissues
vldl- hepatocytes
chylomicrons - enterocytes
64
how is bile transported
micelles
| canaliculi (damages cell membranes)
65
fontane=
bit of sutres where more than one bone meets (not a line)
| anterior and posterior on calvarium
66
pretectal nucleus
involved in pupil light reflex (synapse site)
| not involved in accommodation reflex
67
top visual field loss
bottom of retina
| temporal lobe issue on X side
68
bottom visual field loss
top of retina
| parietal lobe ,issue here
69
location of nuclei in cn 1,2,3,4
1- olf bulb
2- lateral geniculate body
3- superior colliculi
4- inferior colliculi
70
which cranial nerves are cns/pns
```
cns= 1,2 (5)
pns = rest
```
71
is subthalamic nucleus ipsi or contra
contra
72
facet joint=
articular process
73
enteric circulation
aka
function
2x plexus
intrinsic nervous system
autonomic nervous system in GI tract but also works independantly from cns
myenetric plexus- in muscularis propria
submucosal plexus- in submucosa
74
superior mesenteric artery origin
L2
| subcostal plane
75
what seperates the rectus abdominus muscles
linea alba
76
cardia of stomach=
superior opening
77
what passes through the epiploic foramen (Winlow)
common bile duct
hepatic artery
portal vein
78
large colon flexures
hepatic
| splenic
79
striated duct
- secretes
- absorbs
potassium
bicarbonate
na
cl
80
serous acini secrete
amylase and water
81
mucous acini secrete
mucous
82
brain fuel
glucose ketones
83
rbc fuel
glucose
84
muscle fuel
glucose, triglycerides, amino acids
85
gastric acid secretion
basal membrane: cl-/bicarb pump: cl in, bicarb out
apical membrane: h+/k+ pump: h in, k out
mg and cl diffuses into lumen
86
where are pacemaker cells in stomach
fundus
87
where is stomach peristalsis strongest
antrum
88
problem with nsaids and tummy
nsaids inhibit / reduce prostaglandins so less mucous prodcued which is important for gastric defense mechanism
89
water absoroption
na+ diffuses into enterocyte
na/k pump pushes na out and k in
water diffuses in via aquaporins (single file )
90
where is iron absorbed
duodenum
91
carbohydrate break down
protein break down
poly to disaccharide = amylases
di to monosaccharide= brush border enzymes from enterocytes
- then absorbed with help of na
similar! proteases make protein into peptides then brush border makes it into amino acids
- absorbed with help of na
92
layers in scrotum
```
skin
dartos muscle
external spermastic faschia (ext obl fash)
cremasteric muscle (int obl)
internalspermatic faschia (transv fash)
tunica vaginalis (peritoneum)
tunica albuginea
(tunica vasculosa) - kinda within
```
93
innervation of testes
testicular plexus
94
where do R and L testicular vein drain
L - left renal vein
| R- IVC
95
layers around kidney
capsule
perirenal fat
renal faschia - goes round kidneys and adrenal glands
pararenal fat
96
kidney cortex produces..
EPO erythropoetin
promotes rbc formation in bone marrow
made in response to slightly low oxygen in blood
97
shape of adrenal glands
R- pyramidal
| L- semi lunar
98
what cells in adrenal medulla
chromaffins cells - (secrete catecholamines)
99
level of the origin of gonadal arteries off aorta
L2
| to testes and ovaries
100
level of suprarenal and renal arteries' orgin off aorta
L1 --> adrenal
| L1/2 --> kidney
101
coeliac trunk level
L1
102
posterior abdominal wall muscles
- 3x names
- location of thesse
- innervation
- psoas = medial (minor runs within major)
- quadratus lumborum=lateral
- iliacus = fan below quadratus lumborum and lateral to psoas
- iliopsoas- (combined)- hip flexion
- lumbar plexus (T12-L4)
103
where do ureters enter the bladder
in the trigone (smooth walled, compared to the rugae), within the fundus
104
blood supply to bladder
internal iliac artery
105
female genitalia blood supply
internal iliac artery gives rise to uterine and vaginal artieries
ovaries (from gonadal arteries L2)off aorta
106
muscles in penis
bulbospongiosus- (opposite of tip, root, corpus spong) expulsion when weeing
ischiocavernosus (opposite of tip, root, corpus cav) squeezing blood into dick
107
penile ligaments x2
suspensory- from erectile tissue to pubic symphysis
fundiform - continuation of linea alba (rectus abdom), connects to pubic symphysis
108
dartos muscle derived from
scarpas faschia (anterior abdom wall)
109
glomerulus filters :
big/small
pos/neg
```
big
neg (basement membrane has neg charge)
```
no uh to proteins
110
PCT absorbtion
basolateral na/k pump
na acts as symporter (both in) for glucose and phosphate
na acts as a antiporter (na out, H+ in) for h+
bicarb mixes with h+ and then co2 anf h2o diffuse across (bicarb pumped actively into capillary at basolateral membrane
111
PTH effect on kidneys
increase in calcium reabs
| decrease in phosphate reabs (PCT)
112
anp
| 3x effect
vasodilation
inhibits renin (RAAs)
decreases na reabs, more na excreted
so bp drops
113
renal compensation for
resp acidosis
/alkalosis
more bicarb absorbed (DCT)
more h+ absorbed (PCT) and bicarb excreted (intercalated cells of collecting duct
114
resp compensation for
renal acidosis
/alkalosis
hypervent
hypovent
115
contents of dermis (constituents!)
papillary- type 3 collagen , fibroblasts
| reticular- type 1 collagen, elastic fibres
116
which endocrine hormone is pos feedback
oxytocin
when baby pushes into cervix
oxytocin causes contractions
117
what hormones does hypothalamus produce
```
gonadotropin releasing hormone
corticotropin releasing hormone
growth hormone releasing hormone
thyroidotropin releasing hormone
..all stimulate anterior pit produc..
dopamine (inhibits prolactin)
```
118
thyroid venous drainage
jugular vein
119
t3=
t4=
how are they transported in the blood
triidothyrodine
thyroxine
bound to albumin and thyroxine binding protein
120
prolactin effect
increases milk producing cells
121
myometrium muscle layers
3
| longitudinal circular longitudinal
122
umbilical cord
2 umbilical artieries, wrapped around 1 umbilical vein
123
LH affect on follicle
wall weakens, ovum released
124
types of spermatagonia
A- remains outside blood-testis barrier
- continue mitosis
- mature dark to light to B
b- primary spermatocytes, matured from type A, move through the blood-testis barrier to then do meiosis
125
sertoli cells release what in males
effect of this
feedback loops in males
inhibin
this inhibits anterior pituitary (LH, FSH)
FSH, LH respectively cause sertoli and leydig cells to release inhibin and testosterone
neg feedback x2- inhibin and testosterone:
testosterone then causes neg feedback to anterior pit and hypothal (GnRH)
