New Political Ideologies

Question 1

Congress of Vienna

Answer 1

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Question 2

Concert of Europe

Answer 2

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

Question 3

conservatism (19th century)

Answer 3

ideology that worked to bring back traditional political structure because of belief that liberalism was chaos

Question 4

capitalism

Answer 4

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Question 5

capitalism

Answer 5

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Question 6

liberalism (19th century)

Answer 6

Political belief characterized by making moderate changes gradually and hostility towards the privileged aristocracy; most members from the Bourgeoisie; sought the removal of economic restraints, supported natural rights

Question 7

Wealth of Nations

Answer 7

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Question 8

Laissez-faire

Answer 8

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Question 9

socialism (19th century)

Answer 9

• Everyone’s equal, equal society
• Shared ownership of property and resources
• Peaceful transition

Question 10

utopian

Answer 10

idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society

Question 11

Communist Manifesto

Answer 11

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

Question 12

Bourgeoisie

Answer 12

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people, slowly morphed into meaning more fortunate people

Question 13

proletariat

Answer 13

working class

Question 14

nationalism (19th century)

Answer 14

Pride in one’s nation stimulated by economic competition, national pride, and democratic ideals, meant to eliminate internal conflict around religion and such

Question 15

nation

Answer 15

a politically organized body of people under a single government

Question 16

nasci

Answer 16

Where the word “nation” came from

Question 17

Klemens von Metternich

Answer 17

The Foreign Minister of Austria; he had the most influence at the Congress of Vienna and was conservative, advocated against revolution

Question 18

Joseph de Miastre

Answer 18

wrote in favor of an absolute monarchy through the view of the catholic church (very helpful to developing Conservative ideas)

Question 19

Edmund Burke

Answer 19

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

Question 20

John Locke

Answer 20

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Influenced liberalism

Question 21

Adam Smith

Answer 21

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Question 22

John Stuart Mill

Answer 22

He advocated for utilitarianism and for women’s rights

Question 23

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 23

(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number

Question 24

Robert Owen

Answer 24

Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities at his mills in Scotland (1771-1858)

Question 25

Charles Fourier

Answer 25

(1772-1837)-A leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage, and assigned jobs based on inclination

Question 26

Karl Marx

Answer 26

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Question 27

Friedrich Engels

Answer 27

Another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

Question 28

Gran Colombia

Answer 28

Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.

Question 29

Decemberists

Answer 29

Russian radical group, formed from noble families and elite regiments. Hoped to persuade Constantine to assum the throne but failed.

Question 30

February Days

Answer 30

Abolish the monarchy in France (kick out Citizen King)

Question 31

June Days

Answer 31

Determining the form of government in France, 1848

Question 32

Reform Bill of 1832

Answer 32

British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class, added seats to Parliament for Industrial areas, and abolished slavery

Question 33

corn laws

Answer 33

These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially

Question 34

Corn Laws repealed

Answer 34

were disliked by farmers for protecting the aristocracy, and led to a free market

Question 35

Chartist Movement

Answer 35

Movement sought to expand suffrage (the right to vote) to more people in Britain, have a secret ballot, wanted to end the qualification of being a landowner to run for office, wanted annual elections

Question 36

Great Reform Bill of 1867

Answer 36

Law passed by Parliament that extended voting rights to urban working-class men in Britain. It reflected the growing influence of the working-class.

Question 37

Simon Bolivar

Answer 37

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Question 38

Jose de San Martin

Answer 38

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Question 39

Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar

Answer 39

The "Liberators of South America" who led revolutions throughout the continent to get rid of European control

Question 40

Alexander I

Answer 40

the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)

Question 41

Nicholas I

Answer 41

(1825-1855) Russian Tsar that succeeded Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them.

Question 42

Constantine of Russia

Answer 42

The Poles wanted him to be their leader.

Question 43

Charles X

Question 44

Louis Phillipe

Answer 44

"Citizen King", favored the wealthy, Supported the upper-middle class and outlawed labor unions, lowered voting restrictions; eventually overthrown

Question 45

King William IV

Answer 45

Nineteenth-century English king; passed measures that allowed representation of the middle class in Parliament.

Question 46

Queen Victoria

Answer 46

British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement

Question 47

Romanticism

Answer 47

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing awe of nature, individualism, the common man and emotions

Question 48

Oliver Twist

Answer 48

Celebration of individual- misfit/misfortunate

Question 49

Les Miserables

Answer 49

Created by Victor Hugo

Question 50

Frankenstien

Answer 50

Created by Mary Shelley

Question 51

Charles Dickens

Answer 51

English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)

Question 52

Victor Hugo

Answer 52

French poet and novelist and dramatist

Question 53

William Wordsworth

Answer 53

Created Daffodils (poem)

Question 54

Francisco Goya

Answer 54

artist

Question 55

Eugene Delacroix

Answer 55

romantic artist who painted Liberty Leading the People

Question 56

John Constable

Answer 56

most notable romantic painter-fascinated by nature-gentle Wordsworthian landscapes in which human beings were at one with their environment, the comforting countryside of unspoiled rural England

Question 57

What was a fundamental principle of liberalism in the aftermath of the French Revolution?

Answer 57

equality before the law

Question 58

Nineteenth century conservatives believed that political stability would be guaranteed by the

Answer 58

monarchy

Question 59

____________ wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France

Answer 59

Edmund Burke

Question 60

The writings of the 17th century political philosopher ___________ formed the basis of liberalism

Answer 60

John Locke

Question 61

The most important figure in economic liberalism was

Answer 61

Adam Smith

Question 62

________________ was a system of though that was a response to the problems ushered in by industrialization

Answer 62

Socialism

Question 63

Reformer _________ advocated a reorganization of society on the basis of cooperation and mutual respect

Answer 63

Robert Owen

Question 64

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels

Answer 64

denounced the miserable working and living conditions of the English factory workers