NEW Praxis Deck Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
What is constructivism?
A
Readers construct meaning through an active process.
2
Q
What variables affect how a reader understands a text?
A
Prior knowledge, mental schemas, assumptions, and motivation.
3
Q
What influences how readers understand and experience a text?
A
The social and cultural backgrounds of readers.
4
Q
How can readers better construct interpretations?
A
By engaging in dialogue.
5
Q
What are the periods of American literature?
A
Colonial and Age of Revolution.
6
Q
Who are the authors of the Age of Revolution?
A
Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.
7
Q
Who are the authors of Transcendentalism?
A
Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau.
8
Q
What are notable works of Henry David Thoreau?
A
Walden and Civil Disobedience.
9
Q
Who are the authors of the Civil War period?
A
Mary Chestnut, Abraham Lincoln, and Frederick Douglass.
10
Q
Who are the authors of Naturalism?
A
Jack London, Kate Chopin, and John Steinbeck.
11
Q
What is a notable work of John Steinbeck?
A
The Grapes of Wrath.
12
Q
Who are the authors of the Harlem Renaissance?
A
Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and Zora Neale Hurston.
13
Q
What is a notable work of Zora Neale Hurston?
A
Their Eyes Were Watching God.
14
Q
Who are contemporary literature authors?
A
Martin Luther King, Don DiLillo, John Updike, and Ursula K. Le Guin.
15
Q
What is a notable work of John Updike?
A
Rabbit, Run.
16
Q
What is a notable work of Ursula K. Le Guin?
A
The Left Hand of Darkness.
17
Q
What is the time frame of the Restoration Period in British literature?
A
1660 - 1798.
18
Q
What genres are prominent in the Restoration Period?
A
Comedies of manners, essays, and satires.
19
Q
What are the periods of British literature?
A
Anglo Saxon, Elizabethan, Restoration, Metaphysical Poets, and Victorian.
20
Q
Who are notable authors of the Medieval period?
A
Chaucer and Sir Thomas Mallory.
21
Q
What is a notable work of Chaucer?
A
The Canterbury Tales.
22
Q
Who are notable Elizabethan authors?
A
John Donne and John Milton.
23
Q
What is a notable work of John Milton?
A
Paradise Lost.
24
Q
Who are notable Enlightenment authors?
A
Francis Bacon and John Locke.
25
Who are notable authors of the Romantic Period?
John Keats, Lord Byron, and Mary Shelley.
26
What is a notable work of Mary Shelley?
Frankenstein.
27
Who are notable authors of the Modern Era?
Virginia Woolf, William Yeats, and T.S. Eliot.
28
Who are notable Non-Western literature authors?
Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Rumi.
29
What theory emphasizes context in literature?
The theory of situated cognition.
30
What does historical context refer to?
The time the author was writing.
31
What are best practices for teaching context?
Frame study of literature with info about context, integrate a life question, activate prior knowledge, and conduct a short research activity.
32
What should teaching genre studies equip students to do?
Understand, interpret, discuss, and create works in various genres.
33
What should direct instruction on non-fiction include?
Identify rhetorical strategies, summarize text, state format, author's purpose, intended audience, central idea, and evaluate author's claims, appeals, and evidence.
34
What types of folklore are there?
Fables, fairy tales, myths, and legends.
35
What should students identify when considering setting?
Time, place, and cultural norms.
36
What contributes to the play's meaning?
Both stage directions and dialogue contribute to the play's meaning.
37
What is a sonnet?
A sonnet is 14 lines long and usually written in iambic pentameter.
38
What is a villanelle?
A villanelle is 19 lines long and consists of 5 stanzas.
39
What is author's craft?
Author's craft refers to the author's broad and narrow choices in writing.
40
What are best practices for teaching theme?
Use focus questions to push students to make connections, have students note repeated words or images, and have students note paired or contrasted ideas.
41
What is tone?
Tone is created by the author's attitude towards the reader and subject matter.
42
What is mood?
Mood is the emotional atmosphere of a text.
43
What is the difference between mood and tone?
The mood of a text is felt by readers, while tone reflects how the author feels.
44
What does dialect indicate?
Dialect indicates the region the speaker is from.
45
What does slang indicate?
Slang indicates social, economic, or educational status.
46
What is situational irony?
Situational irony occurs when something happens that contradicts audience expectations.
47
What are poetic devices?
Poetic devices include rhyme, rhythm, meter, and repetition.
48
What is internal rhyme?
Internal rhyme is rhyme that occurs within a line.
49
What is meter?
Meter is the established rhythm of a poem, where accentuated syllables are repetitive and predictable.
50
What is an iamb?
An iamb is an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable.
51
What is blank verse?
Blank verse is unrhymed iambic pentameter.
52
What is assonance?
Assonance is the inclusion of words with the same vowel sounds.
53
What is consonance?
Consonance is the repetition of the same consonant sounds at the end of a stressed syllable.
54
What is closed form poetry?
Closed form poetry follows a given form or shape.
55
What are pre-reading strategies?
Pre-reading strategies include previewing, setting a purpose, and making predictions.
56
What are strategies during reading?
Strategies during reading include metacognition and annotating.
57
What are VISA annotations?
VISA annotations include vocabulary, inferences, summaries, and analyses.
58
What are after reading strategies?
After reading strategies include summarizing, reflecting, synthesizing, making connections, and using text evidence.
59
What is a personal response?
A personal response expresses the reader's personal understanding and reaction to what they read.
60
What are research based strategies?
Research based strategies include targeted reviews, rigorous and regular questioning, guided and independent practice, and differentiated supports.
61
What is spiraling?
Spiraling is regularly revisiting or reviewing a concept.
62
What is modelling?
Modelling incorporates a think-aloud into the lesson to demonstrate a thought process.
63
What are questioning strategies?
Questioning strategies check student understanding.
64
What is literary theory?
Literary theory uses a system of ideas to interpret literature.
65
What are theoretical perspectives?
Theoretical perspectives include reader-response theory, feminist literary theory, queer theory, deconstructionist literary criticism, semiotic analysis, marxist theory, and new criticism.
66
What is literary criticism?
Literary criticism is the process of analysis.
67
What is deconstructionist literary criticism?
Deconstructionist literary criticism involves dissecting the writer's assumptions.
68
What is semiotic analysis?
Semiotic analysis examines signs, signals, visual messages, and gestures.
69
What is formalism?
Formalism, or new criticism, analyzes how literary elements create meaning in a text, unconcerned with the text's effect on the reader.
70
What are the purposes for informational texts?
The purposes for informational texts are to inform, argue, and persuade.
71
What does it mean to inform?
To inform means the author sets out to communicate information to the audience.
72
What does it mean to argue?
To argue means to give readers specific reasons and supporting evidence as to why they should act or think a certain way.
73
What does it mean to persuade?
To persuade means to rely on rhetoric rather than evidence.
74
What should students be able to do by middle school to explain and justify their thinking?
By middle school, students should be able to cite details in the text.
75
What are inferences?
Inferences make use of their own knowledge in combination with details from the text to understand its meaning.
76
What are organizational patterns in informational text?
Organizational patterns include problem-solution, cause-effect, sequential order, and chronological order.
77
What is critical thinking?
Critical thinking involves asking questions about the quality of reasoning or the validity of a belief.
78
What questions can guide critical thinking?
Questions include: What assumptions must be made for this reasoning to work? Is there any fallacious reasoning? What other conclusions are possible?
79
What is evidence relevance?
Evidence relevance refers to how closely the evidence is related to the argument.
80
What are logical fallacies?
Logical fallacies include slippery slope, hasty generalization, circular argument, red herring, and dichotomous thinking.
81
What is hasty generalization?
Hasty generalization is a conclusion made without sufficient evidence.
82
What is a red herring?
A red herring is distracting information.
83
What is rhetoric?
Rhetoric is the powerful use of language meant to command the reader's attention.
84
What is rhetorical support?
Rhetorical support involves supporting arguments with examples, details, and other evidence.
85
What is logos?
Logos refers to logical appeal.
86
What is pathos?
Pathos refers to emotional appeal.
87
What is ethos?
Ethos refers to ethical appeals.
88
What is a testimonial?
A testimonial is a statement about the quality of a person, idea, or thing.
89
What should students be aware of regarding writers of informative texts?
Students should be aware that writers have a heightened awareness of their audience and shape their writing to be most effective.
90
What is an opinion cue word?
An opinion cue word is 'I believe...'.
91
What factors do authors consider in choosing words?
Factors include connotation and denotation, explicit language, and implicit language.
92
What is media influence?
Media influence is the impact media has on an audience's thinking and behavior.
93
How can teachers help students relate to what they are reading?
Teachers should incorporate media.
94
What are the purposes for writing?
Purposes include narrative, informative, and argumentative.
95
What are the two most important factors for an author to consider?
The two most important factors are purpose and audience.
96
What is the equation for task?
Task is defined as purpose + audience.
97
What are some writing tasks?
Writing tasks include short story, novel, journal, professional journal, essay, speech, and blog.
98
What are the stages of the writing process?
The stages are planning, drafting, revising, editing, and proofreading.
99
What is revising?
Revising occurs after drafting and before editing, involving moving, cutting, replacing, and adding.
100
What is editing?
Editing occurs after revising and before proofreading, checking grammar and punctuation.
101
What is unity in writing?
Unity means details must share a main idea.
102
What are types of details in writing?
Types of details include reasons, examples, names, numbers, and senses.
103
What is coherence?
Coherence refers to logical progression.
104
What is overwriting?
Overwriting is awkwardly ornate wording.
105
What are some organizational patterns?
Organizational patterns include chronological order, spatial sequence, compare and contrast, cause and effect, and problem and solution.
106
What is an outline?
An outline is an overall map of the content of a text.
107
What tools can help students struggling with the outline format?
Graphic organizers are useful tools.
108
What is crucial for a research writer?
It is crucial to form a specific and answerable research question.
109
Why are print resources considered more credible?
Print resources are more credible because they go through numerous reviews.
110
What are proper citations?
Proper citations include in-text citation, reference page, etc.
111
What are style manuals?
Style manuals are guidebooks for the documentation of sources.
112
What is the MLA in-text citation format?
(Author 114)
113
What is the MLA Works Cited format?
AuthorLast, First. Titles in Italics. City: Publisher, 1994. MediaType
114
What is the APA citation format example?
Smith, A. A. (2023). The impact of technology on education. Journal of Educational Psychology, 115(2), 150-165.
## Footnote
In text: (Smith, 2023).
115
What is the Chicago citation format example?
Doe, Jane. "Article Title." Journal Name 10, no. 2 (2023): 150-155.
## Footnote
In text (Doe 2023, 152).
116
What is the Turabian citation format example?
Doe, John. The History of the World. New York: Penguin, 2020.
## Footnote
In text (Goldstein and Kornfield 1987, 100).
117
What are electronic sources?
Sources that are primarily accessed online.
118
What do electronic sources citation generally require?
Author, title, website name, website sponsor, date posted, date accessed, format.
119
What is plagiarism?
When a writer summarizes, paraphrases, or quotes the ideas or conclusions of another but neglects to credit the original source.
120
What is source integration?
Should support author's ideas without overwhelming them and avoid beginning or ending paragraphs with cited material.
121
What are the three ways sources can be integrated?
Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing.
122
What is the research writing process?
Narrow topic, gather source material, write citations, outline, draft, add transitional expressions, integrate summaries, revise, edit, proofread.
123
What are best teaching practices for oral communication?
Know the lesson objective, choose appropriate and relevant topic for discussion, decide on a format, define appropriate student behavior, determine accountability measures.
124
What should choosing a topic for oral communication be centered on?
A reading objective and must stem from lesson objective and be student friendly.
125
What are formats for oral communication?
Debate, speech, discussion.
126
What are discussion formats?
One on one / think pair share, small group discussion, whole class discussion, socratic seminar.
127
What are examples of technology and communication?
Presentation software, blogs, wikis.
128
What are effective speeches and presentation standards?
Students must be able to write and deliver an effective speech and presentation.
129
What are the elements of effective presentations?
Eye contact, body language, conciseness, visual aids.
130
What are recommendations for visual aids?
Do not let it overpower the presentation, look at the audience, make sure it has a clear purpose.
131
What can student performance on assessments allow teachers to do?
Revise lessons, reshape instruction.
132
What is responsive teaching?
Differentiating instruction and assessment.
133
What are research-based strategies for writing instruction?
Writing workshop, modelling, collaborative writing, process writing.
134
What is a writing workshop?
Signalled by sound or something, mini lesson on a skill, time to write, teacher checks in, students share.
135
What is process writing?
Instructing on the use of a clear process for writing and the use of techniques and strategies for completing each part of the process.
136
How to teach adding transitional words and phrases?
Modeling for some reason?
137
When first introducing a new skill, what should a teacher do?
Model for students in order to illustrate confidence and eliminate confusion.
138
What is the cornerstone of good teaching?
Effective assessment.
139
What is a holistic rubric?
Based on overall effectiveness.
140
What is an analytic rubric?
Points assigned by component part.
141
What do effective teachers understand the need for?
Constructive criticism, writing feedback.
142
What are types of writing feedback?
Writing conferences, peer reviews, self-assessment, portfolios.
143
What is a writing conference?
A writing conference helps students improve skills by highlighting strengths and areas for improvement.
144
What are portfolios used for?
Portfolios allow students to observe their growth over time.
145
What cultural considerations should teachers keep in mind?
Teachers should create a safe learning environment and understand the identities of students, being responsive to their needs and circumstances.
146
What are personal pronouns?
Personal pronouns are subjects or objects in a sentence, such as she and her.
147
What are relative pronouns?
Relative pronouns begin dependent clauses, such as who, whom, which, and whose.
148
What are demonstrative pronouns?
Demonstrative pronouns include this, that, these, and those.
149
What are indefinite pronouns?
Indefinite pronouns include several, both, each, everybody, few, and some.
150
What are linking verbs?
Linking verbs join the subject to the subject complement. Example: The dog IS cute.
151
What are transitive verbs?
Transitive verbs require an object, such as lay, raise, and set.
152
What are conjunctions?
Conjunctions join words into phrases and sentences.
153
What are coordinating conjunctions?
Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, and or.
154
What are correlative conjunctions?
Correlative conjunctions include whether/or, either/or, and neither/nor.
155
What are subordinating conjunctions?
Subordinating conjunctions join dependent clauses, such as because, after, as, although, and than.
156
What are prepositions?
Prepositions set up a relationship in time or space and are part of a prepositional phrase. Examples include about, behind, between, during, into, out, till, and up.
157
What is a preposition acting as an adverb?
A preposition acts as an adverb when it provides information about a verb. Example: We took it OUTSIDE.
158
What is a phrase?
A phrase is a group of words that lacks either a subject or a predicate.
159
What is a noun phrase?
A noun phrase is an example like 'the large bridge.'
160
What is an infinitive phrase?
An infinitive phrase is an example like 'to eat the fish.'
161
What is a prepositional phrase?
A prepositional phrase is an example like 'on the wharf.'
162
What are verb phrases?
Verb phrases consist of the main verb along with its helping verbs, such as 'would have created.'
163
What is an appositive phrase?
An appositive phrase renames the word preceding it. Example: My father, A CLOCK MAKER.
164
What are gerund phrases?
Gerund phrases begin with a gerund noun. Example: EATING CAKE, my favorite past time...
165
What are participial phrases?
Participial phrases can be extracted from the sentence and play a modifying role. Example: John, RED CHEEKED AND TIPSY, stole my wallet.
166
What are absolute phrases?
Absolute phrases consist of a noun plus a participle. Example: Her eyes closing, our goal accomplished.
167
What are clauses?
Clauses can be dependent or independent.
168
What are adverb clauses?
Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions. Example: because she loved pizza, we took her to BBT.
169
What are noun clauses?
Noun clauses are introduced by relative pronouns and relative adverbs. Example: WHEN SHE WILL MOVE is as of yet undetermined.
170
What are adjective clauses?
Adjective clauses play a describing or modifying role. Example: My dad WHO IS AN IDIOT came from Arkansas.
171
What is a simple sentence?
A simple sentence consists of one independent clause.
172
What is a compound sentence?
A compound sentence consists of 2 or more independent clauses.
173
What is a complex sentence?
A complex sentence consists of 1 independent clause and 2 or more dependent clauses.
174
What is a compound-complex sentence?
A compound-complex sentence consists of 2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses.
175
What are mechanics in writing?
Rules that govern written English.
176
What does punctuation refer to?
The use of symbols to clarify meaning in writing.
177
What is capitalization?
The use of uppercase letters at the beginning of sentences or proper nouns.
178
What is spelling?
The correct arrangement of letters in words.
179
What are usage conventions?
Standards for word choice, accuracy, and agreement.
180
What is an antecedent?
A word replaced by a pronoun.
181
What is pronoun/antecedent agreement?
A plural subject requires a plural pronoun.
## Footnote
Example: 'The children and their idiot mother.'
182
What is the verb 'affect'?
To influence or make a change.
183
What is the noun 'effect'?
The result or outcome of a change.
184
What does 'amount' refer to?
Used for uncountable nouns.
185
What does 'number' refer to?
Used for countable nouns.
186
What does 'fewer' indicate?
Used for countable nouns.
187
What does 'less' indicate?
Used for uncountable nouns.
188
What is a principal?
The leader of a school or the main thing.
189
What is a principle?
An idea or fundamental truth.
190
What does 'lie' mean?
To recline.
191
What does 'lay' mean?
To place something down.
192
What is a fragment?
An incomplete sentence.
193
What is a comma splice?
A comma joins two full sentences.
194
What does 'fused' mean in writing?
Multiple complete sentences combined with no comma or conjunction.
195
What is an important goal for students in language?
Learning to recognize and define words by their form, context, and function.
196
What is euphony?
Words sound pleasant because of their letter sounds.
197
What are some resources for writing?
Spell checkers, style manuals, dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, thesauri, glossaries.
198
What must teachers understand?
Variations in language usage across time and space.
199
What should a writer consider when using colloquialisms?
Both purpose and audience.
200
What is pidgin?
A grammatically simplified mode of communicating that may use elements of multiple languages.
201
What is communicative competence?
Being able to speak a language appropriately in social contexts as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure.
202
What is sociolinguistic competence?
Using language in a socially appropriate way, including register.
203
What is strategic competence?
The ability to repair communication breakdown.
204
What are cognitive strategies?
Comprehension strategies, writing strategies, problem-solving strategies, reasoning strategies, self-regulation strategies.
205
What do reasoning strategies help students do?
Determine what they believe to be true or false, correct or incorrect.
206
What are metacognitive strategies?
Strategies to identify what is known and what is not, keep a thought journal, and self-evaluate.
207
What is a method for activating students' prior knowledge?
Introduce vocabulary before content and brainstorm ideas about the topic or content.
