new test 3 review Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
What hormone stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach?
A
Gastrin
2
Q
What hormone stimulates the digestion of fat and protein by signaling the gallbladder to release bile?
A
Cholecystokinin
3
Q
What enzyme helps digest and break down proteins in the small intestine?
A
Trypsin
4
Q
What enzyme in the stomach breaks down proteins into smaller peptides?
A
Pepsin
5
Q
What glycoprotein (factor) is required for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine?
A
Intrinsic Factor
6
Q
What group of neurons in the medulla controls the rhythm of breathing?
A
Ventral Respiratory Group
7
Q
What hemoglobin is bound to carbon dioxide, allowing CO2 transport in the blood?
A
Carbaminohemoglobin
8
Q
What are enzymes located on the microvilli of the small intestine that aid in final digestion?
A
Brush Border Enzymes
9
Q
What ions help neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine?
A
Bicarbonate Ions
10
Q
What hormone stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid to neutralize acid?
A
Secretin
11
Q
What substance reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse?
A
Surfactant
12
Q
What cells in the digestive tract secrete hormones like gastrin and secretin?
A
Enteroendocrine Cells
13
Q
What cells in the stomach produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?
A
Parietal Cells
14
Q
What group of neurons in the pons modulates respiratory rhythm?
A
The Pontine Respiratory Group
15
Q
What liver cells are involved in digestion and metabolism?
A
Hepatocytes
16
Q
What cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, the precursor to pepsin?
A
Chief Cells
17
Q
What are folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion?
A
Rugae
18
Q
What are folds in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption?
A
Circular Folds
19
Q
? Respiration
Diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
? Respiration
Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
A
external, internal
20
Q
? ? coupling is the process that coordinates the lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to the body’s tissues
A
Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling
21
Q
What principle states that pressure and volume of gas are inversely proportional, meaning that if the volume increases the pressure decreases & if the volume decreases the pressure increases
A
Boyle’s Law
22
Q
What states that the total pressure is equal to the sum of the all individual gases?
?+?+?=______, so _______ is = to total pressure
A
Dalton’s Law
23
Q
What principle states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure?
high solubility = high Partial Pressure
low solubility = low Partial Pressure
A
Henry’s Law
24
Q
What principle says how lower pH (more acidic) reduces hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity, aiding oxygen release?
A
The Bohr Effect
25
What states that oxygenated blood can carry less CO2; deoxygenated blood can carry more CO2?
The Haldane Effect
26
What reflex prevents over-inflation of the lungs?
The Hering-Breuer Reflex
27
the ? ? circulation directs blood from parts of the GI tract to the liver for detoxification and processing?
Hepatic Portal
28
which intestine involves water absorption and waste formation?
Large Intestine
29
which intestine involves digestion and nutrient absorption?
Small Intestine
30
oxygen still present in venous blood that can be used when needed
Venous Reserve
31
? ? is the bicarbonate ion concentration in blood buffering that prevents acidosis
Alkaline Reserve
32
What is low CO2 levels in blood (often due to hyperventilation)?
Hypocapnia
33
What is normal, unlabored breathing?
Eupnea
34
What is a temporary cessation of breathing?
Apnea
35
What are elevated CO2 levels in blood, often causing increased breathing rate?
Hypercapnia
36
What is increased depth and rate of breathing, usually in response to exercise?
Hyperpnea
37
What are low oxygen levels in tissues?
Hypoxia
38
surface tension in alveoli is the attraction between ? molecules in alveoli that ? helps reduce?
water, surfactant
39
? is the process involving tongue, pharynx, and esophagus for food intake?
Swallowing
40
deep breaths, inhaler use, or bronchodilators are all methods used to
Increase Air Flow
41
What is the movement of molecules across a membrane using energy?
Active Transport
42
What is the movement of molecules across a membrane without energy use?
Passive Transport
43
? ? ? occurs when CO binds to hemoglobin, blocking oxygen transport?
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
44
nutrient processing involves ?, ?, and storage or use of nutrients by the body
digestion, absorption
45
stomach ? kills pathogens, aids digestion, and activates ?
acid, enzymes
46
lung ? is often due to injury, blockage, or alveolar collapse
collapse
47
What is rapid breathing reducing CO2 levels, possibly leading to dizziness or fainting?
Hyperventilation
48
What begins in the mouth with amylase and continues in the small intestine?
Carbohydrate Digestion
49
What starts in the stomach with pepsin and continues in small intestine?
Protein Digestion
50
What is emulsified by bile and broken down by lipases in small intestine?
Lipids
51
What contains enzymes for digestion and lubricates food for swallowing?
Saliva
52
What is the air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation?
what is the air remaining in the lungs after exhalation?
Residual Volume, Functional Residual Capacity
53
What is a graph showing hemoglobin saturation at various oxygen levels, influenced by pH and CO2?
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
54
What are compounds in bile that emulsify fats, aiding lipid digestion?
Bile Salts
55
What is a system of veins that carries blood from the GI tract to the liver for nutrient processing?
Hepatic Portal System
56
What are proteins that break down food into absorbable molecules?
Digestive Enzymes
57
What chemical directly stimulates the respiratory centers to adjust breathing?
CO2
58
What organ helps neutralize harmful bacteria and viruses ingested with food?
Stomach
59
What can result from swelling, foreign objects, or excess mucus, restricting airflow?
Airway Obstruction
60
What decreases with age, reducing vital capacity and increasing residual volume?
Lung Elasticity
61
What negative pressure in pleural space keeps lungs expanded within pleural cavity?
intrapleural pressure
62
What medications block histamine effects, reducing allergy symptoms, wheezing, and coughing?
Antihistamines
63
What hormones regulates various digestive processes, like gastrin stimulating stomach acid?
Digestive Hormones
64
What regulates blood pH by removing carbonic acid through CO2 exhalation?
?-? balance and ?
Acid-Base Balance and Breathing
65
What type of carb promotes digestive health by aiding regular bowel movements?
fiber
66
which intestine is the site for absorption of most nutrients after digestion?
small
67
What does pulmonary circulation deliver to lungs for oxygenation?
blood
68
What prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing?
epiglottis
69
What moves mucus and trapped particles out of airways to keep them clear?
cilia
70
What is the widening of airways, often induced by sympathetic nervous system to increase airflow?
Bronchodilation
71
the name for high CO2 or low pH condition that increases breathing rate to expel excess CO2?
acidosis
72
What organ produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid?
pancreas
73
What vein drains blood from liver, returning it to circulation after nutrient processing?
Hepatic Veins
74
What is essential for cellular respiration, generating energy for cells?
O2
75
What organ filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and helps fight infections?
Spleen
76
What binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells for transport in blood?
Oxygen
77
What system helps breakdown food?
bicarbonate neutralizes acid in intestine thereby regulating the ? level in the digestive tract
Digestive System ; pH
78
What allows adequate rest for tissue repair and recovery, aiding respiratory function?
sleep
79
carbs begin in the ? and end in the ? ?
mouth, small intestine
80
for nucleic acids and proteins in the digestive s. they begin and end in the ? and ?
stomach, small intestine
81
at higher altitudes rbc count (rises/falls).
at lower altitudes rbc count (rises/falls).
rises, falls
82
what conditions the air we breathe?
location, weather, climate, seasons
83
? ulcers result from ? acid (HCl) and digestive enzymes, particularly pepsin, eroding the stomach's ? membranes
gastric, hydrochloric, mucous
84
saliva is an enzyme produced where?
salivary glands of mouth
85
gastric lipase is an enzyme produced where?
stomach
86
lingual lipase is an enzyme produced where?
tongue
87
pancreatic amylase and lipase, pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and nucleases are all enzymes produced in the ? and are released into the ? ?
pancreas, small intestine
88
maltase, sucrase, lactase, peptidases, and enteropeptidase are all enzymes produced where?
brush borders of small intestines
89
When performing a tracheostomy you would feel for the, ? membrane and the ? rings.
cricothyroid, tracheal
90
Bile is produced by the ? and stored in the ?. Bile's main functions are to help with ? and to remove ? from the body
liver, gallbladder, digestion, waste
91
The ? zone of the respiratory system refers to the passageways that air travels through to reach the lungs.
the primary function is to ?, warm, and ? the air before it reaches the gas exchange area in the lungs
conduction, filter, humidify
92
The ? zone of the respiratory system is the part of the lungs where gas exchange occurs. ? is transferred to the bloodstream and ? is released into the air we exhale
respiratory, O2, CO2
93
Oxygen is unloaded from blood vessels primarily due to a ? in the partial pressure of ? in the surrounding ?
decrease, O2, tissues
94
Factors that increase oxygen unloading are increased ? levels, decreased ? (increased acidity), higher ?
CO2, pH, temp
95
baroreceptors detect ? changes whereas chemoreceptors detect ? composition changes
pressure, chemical
96
? mmHg represents the atmospheric pressure at sea level; ?
760, intrapulmonary
97
? pressure is ? mm Hg (? mm Hg)
intrapleural, -4, 756
98
During ?, the pressure inside the lungs is typically ? millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or lower
inspiration, 758
99
? volume is the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath
tidal
100
? ? is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a full inhalation
vital capacity
101
? ? volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal breath
expiratory reserve
102
? ? volume (IRV) is the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath
inspiratory reserve
103
? ? ? (TLC) is the maximum amount of air that can be held in the lungs after a maximum inhalation
total lung capacity
104
The site of gas exchange in the human body is the ? within the lungs
alveoli
105
ph of blood
what happens if it decreases?
what happens if it increases?
7.35-7.45, acidosis, alkalosis
106
The major arteries that supply blood to the digestive organs are the ? trunk , ? and ? mesenteric, and the ? arteries.
celiac, superior, inferior, hepatic
107
There are three means by which CO2 is transported: (1) dissolved ?, (2) conversion to ?, and (3) ? bound to hemoglobin
gas, bicarbonate ions, carbamiohemoglobin
108
all enzymes are ? but not all proteins are ?
proteins, enzymes
109
A drastic change in ?, ? or chemical environment or chemical ?, denatures enzymes
temp, pH, solution
110
The cartilages in the neck, function to support the ?, protect it from ? objects, and enable ? by facilitating the movement of vocal cords
airway, foreign, vocalization
111
O2 is crucial for life because it is essential for ? ?, blood ?, and ?
cellular respiration, transport, energy
112
When you ascend above sea level, the ? ? ? (less O2 to breathe), which can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, headache, fatigue, nausea, and dizziness
atmospheric pressure decreases
113
when you descend below sea level, the ? ? ?, (more O2), causing no significant body response.
If atmospheric pressure increases significantly it would cause difficulty ? due to increased air resistance, potential damage to the body's ?
atmospheric pressure increases, breathing, tissues
114
?? is the measure of the lung's ability to stretch and expand in response to changes in pressure
lung compliance
115
salivary glands function to help in ?, ?, lubrication and pH balance
digestion, protection
116
Tonsils function to aid in ? out germs and they act as a first line of defense against ?
filtering, infection
117
If the body does not produce surfactant, ? will collapse with each breath due to high surface tension, making it extremely difficult to breathe and leading to a condition called "? ? Syndrome"
alveoli, respiratory distress
118
Bile is released when ?
you eat food that contains fat
119
co2 + water = ? acid, which function to helping to maintain a stable ? level
carbonic, pH
120
? is a protein found within ?, and its primary function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues
oxyhemoglobin, rbc's
121
? is a form of hemoglobin found primarily in the ?, and its function is to transport oxygen that has been released from the tissues back to the ?
deoxyhemoglobin, veins, lungs
122
ensure smooth lung movement during respiration by providing a friction-free surface and maintaining pressure balance between the pleural cavity and lungs is the func of the ?
pleura
123
? ? prevents friction and creates surface tension
pleural fluid
124
the 4 basic layers the digestive tract in order are:
Mother Sally Makes Sandwiches
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosa, and serosa
125
The primary membrane in the gut is the ? ?, which functions as a selective barrier, allowing for ? absorption while preventing harmful substances like bacteria from entering the bloodstream
intestinal mucosa, nutrient
126
When bicarbonate is released, it ? the pH level
increases
127
A collapsed lung, also known as ? , occurs when ? enters the ? cavity. this is called a ?
atelectasis, air, pleural, pneumothorax
128
Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) move across membranes to the lungs and cells through a process called ? ?
simple diffusion
129
? cells primarily function to secrete antimicrobial proteins and peptides, defend against enteric ? and ? the composition of the gut bacteria
paneth, pathogens, regulate
130
? are circular muscles that open and close passages in the body to regulate the ? of substances, such as bile, urine, and feces, through the body
sphincters, flow
131
The liver and gallbladder are involved in a circulatory system that includes the ? vein, ? artery, hepatic veins, and ? ducts
portal, hepatic, bile
132
Gastrin is secreted by ? cells
G
133
The cells that primarily secrete bicarbonate are the ? ? epithelial cells
pancreatic ductal
134
Parasympathetic signals and ? stimulate the ? of sigmoid colon and rectum
sphincters, contraction
135
conscious control allows ? of external anal sphincter and causes the ? to open
Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter causes the urge to ?
relaxation, anus, defecate
136
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. Swallowing
5. Stomach
6. Small Intestine
7. ? Intestine
8. ?
ingestion, mastication, salivation, large, excretion
137
venous blood pressure ? during exercise and ? at rest
increases, decreases
138
The ? nervous system (ENS) primarily functions to control and regulate the movements of the GI tract, including muscle ?, nutrient ?, and local blood flow
enteric, contractions, absorption
139
Short nervous reflexes in the enteric nervous system (ENS) are primarily controlled by the ? plexus
myenteric
140
The ? ? that lines the bronchi, or airways, in the lungs can constrict, which is called ? and is caused by the release of ?
smooth muscle, bronchoconstriction, histamine
141
? release causes Bronchodilation
Epinephrine
142
? muscles are involved in moving food thru the body
smooth
143
? ? function to shorten the colon wall to create haustra
teniae coli
144
? func to absorb dietary fats (?) and fat-soluble vitamins
lacteals, lipids
145
? is the primary chemical stimulus that causes us to breathe
CO2
146
?, ?, inflammation regulation, and maintaining cellular homeostasis are all funcs of ?
vasodilation, neurotransmission, CO (carbon monoxide)
147
? is a series of automatic muscle ? that move food through the ? tract and other tubes in the body
peristalsis, contractions, digestive
148
? activates circular muscles in your intestines that contract to move food back and forth
segmentation
149
deglutition is ?.
the events in order are:
? phase
?-? phase
?
?
swallowing, buccal, pharyngeal-esophageal, Peristalsis, gastroesophageal
150
Incisors: chisel shaped for ?
Canines: fanglike teeth that ? or pierce
Premolars: broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind or ?
Molars: broad crowns, rounded cusps: best ?
cutting, tear, crush, grinders
151
? acts as a shock absorber
dentin
152
increased H+ =
decreased H+ =
acidity, alkaline
153
The ? oxygen chamber funcs to increase air pressure in the chamber and help the lungs absorb more ?, which is then carried to the body's tissues helping the body heal and fight ?
hyperbaric, O2, infections
154
decreased ph in stomach causes ?, ? and sometimes bacterial overgrowth
indigestion, malnutrition
155
good bacteria in gut aids in ?, and ? system
digestion, immune
156
Harmful bacteria in the gut can cause ?, inflammation, and other ?issues
infections, digestive
157
Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause the smooth muscles of the airways to ?, leading to ?
relax, bronchodilation
158
If the liver is damaged, the synthesis of ? is diminished and so is the liver's ability to metabolize ? and fats.
proteins, carbs
159
what influences pulmonary ventilation?
surface tension, airway resistance, ?, ?
atmospheric pressure, lung compliance
160
The ? and the ? muscles are the main muscles used for breathing.
diaphragm, intercostal
161
During digestion, your pancreas makes ? that break down sugars, fats, and starches
enzymes
162
? increases surface area
villi
163
A decrease in gas exchange can be caused by several factors, including: pulmonary ?, airway obstruction, reduced alveolar surface area due to lung diseases like ?, poor blood ? to the lungs, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, ?, and certain medications that depress breathing rate
edema, COPD, circulation, smoking
164
An increase in gas exchange is primarily caused by increased ?
ventilation
165
The ? ? controls the basic rhythm of respiration
medulla oblongata
166
Sound ? causes a sound's loudness and intensity
amplitude
167
The ? of a sound is how high or low it is, and is determined by the frequency of vibration of the sound waves
pitch
168
what allows O2 to be removed?
breathing
169
type 1 alveolar cells are ? ? ET and function in the process of ? ? due to their large surface area and thin walls.
simple squamous, gas exchange
170
type 2 alveolar cells are ? ? ET and function to secrete ?. it also acts indirectly in the process of gas exchange by maintaining ? integrity
Surfactant ↓ ? ? prevents collapse of alveoli during exhalation
Surfactant ↓ ? needed to inflate alveoli during inhalation
simple cuboidal, surfactant, alveolar, surface tension, energy
171
alveolar surface tension is the amount of ? required for ?
ATP, breathing
172
airway resistance is ?, so if you increase resistance you decrease ? ?. inversely, if you decrease resistance you ? blood flow
friction, blood flow, increase
173
↑ Surfactant ? Surface tension (energy)
? effort needed to inflate alveoli
causing ?
decrease (2x), no collapse
174
↓ Surfactant ? Surface tension (energy)
? effort needed to inflate alveoli
causing ?
increase (2x), collapse
175
processes of respiration:
1. ?
2. ?
3. transport of ? ?
4. ?
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gases, internal respiration
176
↑ CO₂ ↑ ? ↓ ?
H, pH
177
Arterial oxygen must fall below ? mmHg to stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors which in turn increase ?
60, ventilation
178
Changes in arterial pH occur due to
? retention
CO₂
179
98 mmHg:
75 mmHg:
60 mmHg:
normal blood oxygen level
low blood oxygen level
hypoxemia (acutely low level)
