New World

Question 1

what was there a superabundance of under Philip?

Answer 1

silver

Question 2

how much silver did Philip get?

Answer 2

64.5m ducats of silver - via quinto (20% of all silver)

Question 3

how did amount of silver increase over time?

Answer 3

1590s 4x more silver than in 1560s

Question 4

what did Philip tighten up on?

Answer 4

customs duties

Question 5

what was the almojarifazago de Indias?

Answer 5

• merchants wanting to convert gold+silver bars to cois had to pay tax
• quadruped
• raised 200,000 ducats in 1595

Question 6

how was abundance of silver a mixed blessing?

Answer 6

• allowed Philip to be too ambitious in FP

- gave him access to bankers

Question 7

what did silver contribute to?

Answer 7

inflation - but not sole cause

Question 8

what were the other factors for inflation?

Answer 8

juros, backwards agriculture, topography, rising population

Question 9

how much silver didn’t land in spain?

Answer 9

40% of silver didn’t even land in Spain - straight to foreign bankers

Question 10

how were the viceroy’s in the new world?

Answer 10

• did great job of extending Philip’s power
• Philip let them govern
• 12yrs each as viceroy

Question 11

who was the viceroy for Peru?

Answer 11

Francisco de toledo (1568-80)

Question 12

what did toledo do when he arrived in Peru?

Answer 12

• set out on 5yr tour of peru
• defeated last Incan resistance
• killed manco Inca in 1572

Question 13

what did Toledo do w/ potosi mine?

Answer 13

• made more productive

- potosi grew to 120,000 population

Question 14

what mine was opened near potosi?

Answer 14

• 1574 opened Huancavelica mine = mercury mine

- near potosi, so was easy to mix w/ silver

Question 15

by 1580, how much silver was potosi producing?

Answer 15

more silver than whole of Mexico

Question 16

who was the viceroy for Mexico?

Answer 16

Martin enrique (1568-80)

Question 17

what did Enrique improve in Mexico?

Answer 17

roads system - made easer it get silver out of Zacatecas

Question 18

what did Enrique introduce in Mexico in 1574?

Answer 18

alcabala

Question 19

what did Enrique introduce in Mexico in 1571?

Answer 19

inquisition

Question 20

by 1572, how much control did the state have in Mexico?

Answer 20

all of mercury under state control

Question 21

what did new world provide stimulus for?

Answer 21

cultural golden age of Spain

Question 22

what did new world lead to improvements in?

Answer 22

Cartography, geography and botany

Question 23

what expedition did philp finance in 1570?

Answer 23

expedition by Dr. Francisco Hernandez to study plants and animals in new world

Question 24

how did new world lead to improvements in science?

Answer 24

perfected use of mercury for extraction of silver - allowed are rapid exploitation of silver

Question 25

when was mercury first used in Mexico and Peru?

Answer 25

Mexico in 1557 and peru in 1574

Question 26

by 1598, what had the new world become in relation to Spain?

Answer 26

Independent of Spain

Question 27

who was benefiting from new world?

Answer 27

settlers not Spanish

Question 28

how many cloth factories were there in Mexico City?

Answer 28

25

Question 29

what was peru producing by 1590s?

Answer 29

grain, wine and oil

Question 30

what did merchants struggler to do in relation to new world?

Answer 30

- couldn't sell as much to new world | - 1597 Spanish merchants found it impossible to dispose of all their goods

Question 31

how did the destination of silver change?

Answer 31

1597 - more silver went from Acapulco to manilla galleon than Mexico to Spain

Question 32

how did the council of Indies change?

Answer 32

- improvements made | - tried to make it more efficient - became better informed

Question 33

what was Juan de ovando instructed to do?

Answer 33

- modernise and reconstruct council | - expanded the council

Question 34

what did ovando organise?

Answer 34

Scientific expedition to Mexico to investigate medial properties of plants

Question 35

how was the council of Indies limited?

Answer 35

still seen as a second grade council - stepping stone for promotion

Question 36

how did Philip overwork ovando?

Answer 36

- additionally in charge of council of finance from 1574 | - died in 1575