Newborn Screening/Fat Soluble Vitamins & Trace Minerals

Question 1

lipoprotein transporters that deliver triglyceride contents to adipose and other tissues; their remnants deliver everything else to the liver where fat-soluble vitamins can be repackaged

Answer 1

chylomicrons

Question 2

these readily absorbed fat-soluble vitamins are found in animal sources. In the liver, they are converted to retinol esters and packaged in VLDLs

Answer 2

retinoids

Question 3

these fat-soluble vitamins are found in plants– are converted into retinoids in intestinal mucosal cells

Answer 3

carotenoids

Question 4

retinoids involved in controlling gene expression at the transcriptional level

Answer 4

retinoic acid derivatives

Question 5

true of false?
retinoid acid derivatives play a role in the development of the immune system

Answer 5

true

Question 6

retinoic acid derivatives contribute to the development of epithelial tissue where?

Answer 6

eyes, skin, salivary glands

Question 7

caused by a chromosomal translocation involving the retinoic acid receptor

Answer 7

acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)

Question 7

what can be used to treat APL?

Answer 7

high levels of retinoid acid– can induce tumor blasts to differentiate into granulocytes to basically treat the cancer

Question 8

sunlight induces a series of molecular arrangements that converts 7-dehydro-cholesterol to ?

Answer 8

pre- vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

Question 9

Is vitamin D3 active or inactive when only its 25th position is hydroxylated?

Answer 9

inactive

Question 10

what is the active form of vitamin D?

Answer 10

1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3

Question 11

what are the dietary sources of vitamin D3?

Answer 11

fish, liver, eggs, milk & cereals

Question 12

vitamin D derivatives are transported through circulation bound to what?

Answer 12

vitamin D binding protein
(albumin to a lesser extent)

Question 13

Vitamin D behaves as a _______ rather than a vitamin-based coenzyme

Answer 13

hormone

Question 14

vitamin D regulates the levels of which 2 chemical elements in the blood?

Answer 14

calcium and phosphorus

Question 15

rickets can be caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?

Answer 15

vitamin D

Question 16

disease characterized by softening and weakening of bones, bowed legs, hypoplastic enamel, and delayed tooth eruption

Answer 16

rickets

Question 17

when Ca2+ levels are low, which endocrine gland releases a hormone to stimulate the activation (hydroxylation) of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3?

Answer 17

parathyroid– releases PTH

Question 18

required for gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, and necessary for the function of multiple coagulation factors

Answer 18

vitamin K (phylloquinone)

Question 19

inorganic elements that are essential for life

Answer 19

minerals

Question 20

minerals needed in trace amounts

Answer 20

trace minerals

Question 21

which trace mineral is a critical component of heme-containing enzymes/proteins?

Answer 21

iron (Fe)

Question 22

women typically show a greater incidence of iron deficiency due to what?

Answer 22

menstrual cycle

Question 23

too much iron can cause organ damage via the _____ rxn

Answer 23

fenton

Question 24

which component of the fenton rxn is responsible for the destruction of tissues?

Answer 24

OH radical

Question 25

iodine is an important substituent for which thyroid hormones?

Answer 25

- thyroxine (T4) - triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 26

the most common cause of preventable brain damage worldwide is a deficiency of _______

Answer 26

iodine

Question 27

what are common symptoms of iodine deficiency?

Answer 27

-mental disabilities - hypothyroidism - goiter

Question 28

a component of glutathione peroxidase and thyroid hormone iodinase

Answer 28

selenium (Se)

Question 29

there are only ___ enzymes in the body that use selenium

Answer 29

2

Question 30

a cofactor for over 300 diff enzymes that plays an important role in immune system function

Answer 30

Zinc (Zn)

Question 31

a deficiency of this trace mineral can cause anemia and connective tissue disorders

Answer 31

copper (Cu)

Question 32

the most important enzymes/proteins that utilize copper are?

Answer 32

- cytochrome C oxidase (ETC) - lysyl oxidase - ceruloplasmin (iron utilization)

Question 33

_____ is incorporated into into mineralized tissues of bones and teeth displacing OH groups of hydroxyapatite

Answer 33

fluoride (F)

Question 34

a fluoride deficiency causes an increased risk of what?

Answer 34

dental caries

Question 35

children can develop _______ from swallowing excessive amounts of toothpaste while brushing

Answer 35

fluorosis - characterized by abdominal pain, nausea)

Question 36

in adults, _______ can be characterized by brown coloration and pitting of permanent teeth

Answer 36

fluorosis