NHM 201 Practice Exam Flashcards by Makenna McNamara

True/False: HIV can be transmitted from the mother to the infant through breastfeeding

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True/False: Medicinal herbs are regulated as dietary supplements and are tested for safety and efficacy

False

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True/False Alcohol has been found to be a galactogogue that facilitates milk letdown and rectifies milk insufficiency

false

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True/False Infants who are diagnosed with galactosemia should not be breastfed

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A woman experiencing letdown failure may be prescribed a(n) _____ nasal spray

oxytocin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Treatment for plugged ducts would least likely include
a. Stopping breastfeeding until a health care provider is consulted
b. Massaging the affected breast
c. Applying a warm compress
d. Changing nursing positions
e. Taking one tablespoon of lecithin per day

a. stopping breastfeeding..

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A new mother was away from her infant longer than planned and could not nurse her baby until she returned 6 hours later. Which of the following problems is she most likely to experience:
Breast infection
Engorgement
Plugged ducts
Sore nipples
Mastitis

engorgement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ is known to inhibit lactation
Oxytocin
Progesterone
Estrogen
Prolactin

estrogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alcohol may ____ milk letdown by _____ levels
Increase; increasing oxytocin
Increase; increasing prolactin
Decrease; decreasing prolactin
Decrease; decreasing oxytocin

decrease; decreasing oxytocin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Your friend had a baby 3 months ago and is anxious to go out with her friends. She is still breastfeeding but would like to have a few drinks. What would you suggest?

Pump before going out and use that until the alcohol has been cleared from the system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The American Academy of Pediatrics classifies _____ as a substance that is contraindicated during lactation
Alcohol
Caffeine
THC
Nicotine
Sugar

THC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Breastfeeding women should avoid eating swordfish, shark, and tuna because they have high _____ levels

mercury

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A food allergy is an immunologic response, typically immunoglobulin ____ mediated, to a specific food protein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which food item is least likely to be considered a common pediatric food allergen?
Cows milk
Eggs
Peanut
Soybeans
Oats

oats

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A lactating woman experiences localized pain in a red, hot, swollen area on the right breast and has a tender lump. She also experiences fever and flu-like symptoms. Which of the following conditions is she suffering from?
Plugged ducts
Breast abscess
Engorgement
Mastitis

mastitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Infants born between _____ weeks are considered late preterm
28 and 30
30 and 33
34 and 37
39 and 42
42 and 45

34 and 37

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The composition of milk from mothers who deliver preterm infants is higher in ____ and lower in ___ compared to the milk of mothers who deliver full-term infants
Protein and energy; lactose
Lactose; protein and energy
Lactose and protein; energy
Energy; protein and lactose
Protein; energy and lactose

protein and energy; lactose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The functional unit of the mammary gland is the ______

alveoli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which stage of lactogenesis is marked as the onset of copious milk secretion?

stage 3

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What hormone is produced during letdown and causes the ejection of milk from the milk glands into the milk ducts?

oxytocin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prolactin is secreted from the ________ pituitary and causes _________

anterior; milk production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Human milk is needed by the majority of healthy infants for approximately the first ___ months

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Colostrum is higher in ______, _______, and ________ than mature milk

IgA, protein, vitamin A

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The dominant carbohydrate in human milk is _______

lactose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The major class of protein found in mature human milk is ______ which promotes calcium absorption

casein

The hormone responsible for uterine contractions and the minimization of maternal postpartum blood loss is _______

oxytocin

Which statement correctly describes milk production? The amount of milk produced is the same regardless of the number of infants being nursed Milk production is triggered only when the breast is empty of milk Women with smaller breasts have a reduced capacity for milk production Milk production is highest in the days following birth and decreases thereafter Milk production is triggered by the removal of milk from the breast

milk production is triggered by the removal of milk from the breast

An infant should be allowed to nurse at one breast as long as she wants so that she gets more ___________

hindmilk

Hindmilk has (higher/lower) fat content than foremilk?

higher

What is the appropriate daily water intake recommendation for a nursing mother? 6-8 cups 8-10 cups 10-12 cups More than 12 cups Drink enough fluids to keep urine pale yellow

enough to keep urine pale yellow

Healthy people 2020 has breastfeeding objectives focusing on _______ Increasing the proportion of breastfed infants only Increasing the duration of breastfeeding only Decreasing the duration of breastfeeding Increasing the proportion of breastfed infants and increasing the duration of breastfeeding

Increasing the proportion of breastfed infants and the duration of breastfeeding

Ria is a breastfeeding mother. She does not have exposure to sunlight. Her doctor warned that her infant may develop hypocalcemia or rickets. Identify the nutrient that is deficient in her breast milk.

vitamin D

With regard to onsite childcare, current federal law_______ Prohibits a woman from being fired if she breastfeeds while on break Protects a woman’s right to breastfeed anywhere on federal property that she is authorized to be Prohibits a woman from being fired if she breastfeeds while at lunch Provides tax credits to employers who provide lactation services Establishes minimum standards for breast pump safety

protects a woman's right to breastfeed anywhere she is authorized to be

Which of the following is a source of B12 for breastfeeding women who consume no animal products? Oranges Tomatoes Yeast Chocolates Rice

yeast

Which statement is part of the policy established by UNICEF regarding the marketing of breast milk substitutes? They should not be advertised They should not have food labels Free samples should be provided to breastfeeding mothers Promotion is important through health care facilities Company sale resps must advise mothers of the products

they should not be advertised

True/False: edema in pregnancy, when not accompanied by hypertension, generally reflects a healthy expansion of plasma volume

true

True/False: maternal and fetal needs for protein are primarily fulfilled by the mother’s intake of protein during pregnancy

true

True/False: the rate of human growth and development is higher during gestation than at any time thereafter

true

True/False: one of the functions of the placenta is the removal of waste products from the fetus

true

Preterm refers to infants born before_____ weeks of pregnancy

Pregnancy averages________ weeks

Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver production of glucose help _____ Ensure the mother does not gain excessive weight during the second half Ensure a constant supply of fat for maternal energy needs Ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development Ensure that women do not expend too much energy on metabolism and have plenty of energy to support fetal growth Promote healthy weight gain in pregnant women

ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development

Describe the change in lipid blood levels that occurs during pregnancy Cholesterol and triglyceride levels decrease Cholesterol and triglyceride levels do not change Cholesterol and triglyceride levels both increase Cholesterol and triglyceride fluctuate daily Cholesterol increases and triglyceride decrease

cholesterol and TGs both increase

It is recommended that overweight women gain _______ pounds in pregnancy

15-25

The increased need for energy in pregnancy averages _____ kcal/day

400 (2nd trimester +340kcal 3rd trimester +452kcal)

Inadequate intake of ______ during pregnancy has been associated with neural-tube defects

folate

Pregnant women are more susceptible to the risks of foodborne illnesses because of increased levels of ________

progesterone

Heartburn in pregnant women is likely caused by ____ Larger food intake volumes Increased blood fluid volumes Weight gain Movements of the fetus in the uterus The relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter at the top of the stomach

relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

The number of previous deliveries experienced by a women _______

parity

Eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food _____

pica

A foodborne bacterial infection that can lead to preterm delivery and stillbirth in pregnant women _________

listeria

The absence of the brain or spinal cord

anancephaly

The number of pregnancies a woman has experienced

gravida

A condition caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy

goiter

A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development

toxoplasmosis

A condition characterized by severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy_______

hyperemesis

True/False: ovulation and menstruation resume in most women with eating disorders with a return to normal eating behaviors and weight gain

true

The first therapeutic option for infertility in obese people is ____ Medication Weight loss Hormone therapy In vitro fertilization Surgery

weight loss

Excess central body fat is related to ___- Insulin resistance Increased sperm count Decreased testosterone production in females Decreased oxidative stress

insulin resistance

Which symptom is least likely to be associated with PCOS Insulin resistance Abnormal facial or body hair Infertility Low testosterone levels Obesity

low testosterone levels

Two grains that people with celiac disease can safely consume are ____ Oats and rice Oats and wheat Rye and rice Barley and rye

oats and rice

Which of the following can be part of a healthy diet for an adult with celiac disease? Breads Cakes Popcorn Cereals

popcorn

The occurrence of ____ is unrelated to obesity Type 1 diabetes Subfertility Type 2 diabetes Metabolic syndrome

type 1 diabetes

true/False: During the preconception period, factors such as weight status; folic acid, iron, and antioxidant intake; and dietary supplement use would be addressed as part of the nutrition care process

true

True/False: nutrient requirements for both men and women should be met through dietary supplements rather than foods

false

obesity is generally indicated by body mass index values over______

Exposure to higher levels of ___is related to decreased sperm production and abnormal sperm motility and shape Zinc Iron Lead Iodine

lead

Which factor would be more likely to affect female fertility than male fertility? Inadequate body fat Poor iron stores High alcohol intake Excessive body fat Excessive exercise

poor iron stores

A BMI greater than _____ is typically needed to sustain normal reproductive function in women

Which dietary component can protect cells of the reproductive system from damage by free radicals Zinc Iron Vitamin E Zinc and vitamin E All of the above

zinc and vitamin E

The development of facial and heart abnormalities (teratogenic effects) in the fetus has been linked to excessive intake of ____ by the mother Vitamin A Iodine Iron Zinc

vitamin A

Refined grain products are often fortified with ______ to decrease rates of neural tube defects

folic acid (folate)

The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse

infecundity

The biological ability to bear children_________

fecundity

The actual production of children ________

fertitily

The involuntary absence of production of children _________

infertility

Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated pregnancy losses

subfertility

The absence of a menstrual cycle __________

amenorrhea

A menstrual cycle in which ovulation does not occur __________

anovulation

Which type of body fat is most detrimental to health? __________

visceral/abdominal

Which diet strategy would be inappropriate to treat individuals with type 2 diabetes? Weight loss if overweight Regular fruit and vegetable consumption Increasing intake of low-glycemic-index foods that are rich in fiber 150 minutes of physical activity per week Regular intake of refined grains

regular intake of refined grains

Lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase diminished the conversion of ________ to ________

phenylalanine; tyrosine

Which food item would be acceptable in a PKU diet plan? Meat Wheat Fish Broccoli Eggs

broccoli

Treatment of celiac disease focuses on removing _______ from the diet

gluten

True/False: Cholesterol is an essential nutrient that must be obtained through one’s diet

false

True/False: malnutrition can result from both inadequate and excessive levels of nutrient intake

true

True/False: water is a nonessential nutrient

false

What are the six categories of essential nutrients?

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water

A calorie is the amount of energy it takes to ___________ by _____ degree celsius

raise one kilogram of water; 1

The EAR refers to an intake value estimate to meet the needs of what percentage of the healthy population?

50%

Complex carbs include Glucose, glycogen, and most types of fiber Glucose, sucrose, and fructose Starches, glycogen, and most types of fiber Starches, glucose, and sucrose Starches, glycogen, and glucose

starches, glycogen, and most types of fiber

Triglycerides are composed of ___ Two glycerol molecules attached to a fatty acid Two fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule Three glycerol molecules attached to a fatty acid Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule Three fatty acids attached to three glycerol molecules

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Which substance provides the most energy per gram Protein Fiber Fat Water Glucose

fat

Which of the following statements is true of proteins? Protein provides two calories per gram Proteins obtained from food sources such as milk, cheese, and meat are considered low quality All plant sources of protein provides all nine essential amino acids Proteins help build and maintain muscles, bones, enzymes, and red blood cells Proteins are made up of various types of triglycerides

proteins help build and maintain muscles, bones, enzymes, and red blood cells

Complementing amino acids can be found in which plant-based food combination? ______and _________

rice and beans

Essential amino acids Are produced by the human body Must be obtained through a person’s diet Must be synthesized from nonessential amino acids Are abundant in lipids Are also referred to as dispensable amino acids

must be obtained through a person's diet

Name the fat-soluble vitamins

vitamins A, D, E, & K

A 12 inch turkey sandwich contains 20g carb, 8g protein, and 5g fat. What is the number of calories in one-half of the sandwich? 78.5 130 150 65.5

78.5

Healthy dietary patterns include the regular consumption of ____ Refined grain products All types of nuts Processed meat Tropical oils Foods high in saturated fats

all types of nuts

True/False: The energy needs of infants per kg of body weight are higher than at any other time of life.

true

True/False: Infant mortality is one of the key indicators of the overall health of a nation

true

True/False: restriction of dietary cholesterol is recommended during infancy

false

True/False: The DHA content in breast milk is lower in vegetarian mothers

true

True/False: The amounts of baby food packages in jars and pouches are determined by age-appropriate serving sizes for infants

false

True/False: GI infections may temporarily cause lactose intolerance

true

True/False: Healthy infants may have brief periods when their weight gain is slower or more rapid than at other times

true

Full term infants are born at _______ weeks gestation

37-42

An infant weighing 2300 g would be considered a(n) ______ birthweight

low

Infant mortality rate refers to the number of infant deaths for every _____ live births

1000

Measurements for weight, length, or head circumference below the ______ percentile indicate than an infant is SGA, whereas measurements above the ______ percentile indicate an infant is LGA

10th; 90th

Which nutritional component would a newborn be unable to digest? Fats Proteins Complex carbs Simple sugars

complex carbs

The two essential fatty acids required in an infant’s diet are ________ and __________

linoleic; alpha-linolenic

Which mineral contributes significantly to the prevention and reduction of dental caries?

flouride

Which mineral is a major component of extracellular fluid and an important regulator of fluid balance?

sodium

_____ is the movement of stomach contents backward into the esophagus due to stomach muscle contractions GER Root reflex IUGR Colic Celiac disease

GER

As blood lead levels increase… Only blood calcium decreases Only blood iron decreases Blood calcium and iron levels decrease Blood calcium levels increase Both blood calcium and iron increase

blood calcium and iron levels decrease

If an infant is exclusively breastfed and not exposed to adequate amounts of sunlight, he or she would need a __________ supplement

vitamin D

Which of the following foods can increase the risk of choking in an infant Soft cooked green beans Whole wheat crackers Cooked oatmeal Mashed potatoes Cooked, skinless apple

whole wheat crackers

Methods of relieving colic include all of the following except Swaddling Bathing or calming Evaluating and improving positioning of baby for eating Ensuring often burping Increase the mother’s intake of cow’s milk if breastfed

increase the mother's intake of cow's milk if breastfed

True/False: Undernutrition does not affect cognitive development in toddlers and pre-k kids because cognitive ability is genetically determined

false

True/False: Children have an innate ability to adjust their caloric intake to meet energy needs

true

True/False: Trans fatty acids occur naturally in small amounts in foods such as dairy products and beef

true

True/False: Because toddlers can't eat a large amount of food at one time, snacks are vital in meeting the child’s nutritional needs

true

True/False: recumbent length is used to measure toddlers less than 24 months of age and those between 24 and 36 months who are unable to stand unassisted

true

True/False: A rapid growth rate coupled with inadequate intake of iron places toddlers, especially 9-18 months at the highest risk for iron deficiency

true

True/False: In vegetarian children, high-fiber foods may displace other energy-dense foods and may decrease the bioavailability of some minerals, such as iron and calcium

true

True/False: Sources of vitamin D include exposure to sunlight and fortified milk

true

Children naturally prefer _______ and slightly _______ tastes

sweet; salty

Protein is ___ when a child has adequate energy intake Used to maintain healthy bones and teeth Used for growth and tissue repair Stored in the liver and muscles Used to fuel physical activity Used as an insulator to preserve body heat

used for growth and tissue repair

Which is a high quality protein Brown rice Peas Sunflower seeds Green beans Milk

milk

A BMI in the 90th percentile would indicate that a 3 year old is ____ Underweight Extremely underweight Overweight Obese Extremely obese

overweight

Which food is most likely a potential choking hazard for children less than 2 Cottage cheese Mashed potatoes Spaghetti noodles Hot dogs Honey

hot dogs

The serving sizes for toddlers is ____ of food per year of age 1 tsp 2 tsp 1 Tbsp ¼ cup ½ cup

1Tbsp

Which food is a good source of dietary fiber for toddlers and preschoolers ? Pork Whole grain cereal Cheese Turkey Apple juice

whole grain cereal

Which screening tool is recommended for assessment of pediatric overweight and obesity? Family medical history Weight for height Weight for age Height for age BMI for age percentile

BMI-for-age percentile

Beginning at age 3 EER are based on gender, age, height, weight, and __ Physical activity Adjusted age Language skills Temperament Average body temp

physical activity

The FDA and EPA advise that young children should eat fish lower in mercury such as Tilefish from the gulf of mexico Swordfish King mackerel Salmon Shark

salmon

The metabolic rate of ____ is the highest of any period in life Teenagers Infant Toddlers Adults Preterm infants

infants

Which is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid? Yogurt Cereal Flaxseed oil Apple Egg

flaxseed oil

Which factor increases fluid requirements for toddlers and preschoolers? Fever Iron deficiency Constipation Increased fat intake Increased calcium intake

fever

True/False: a casein free diet is recommended for children with ASD

false

True/False: Many young kids with special needs prefer to eat solid foods rather than drink fluids

false

True/False: Cystic fibrosis is a chronic condition in which a child has low energy needs

false

True/False: Premature infants are more likely to develop CP

true

Which condition is generally associated with higher energy needs? Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Down syndrome Prader-willi syndrome Spina bifida Non Ambulatory children with diplegia

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Overweight and obesity are commonly found with Cystic fibrosis Prader willi syndrome Wiedeman-bechwith syndrome Prader willi and Wiedeman-Bechwith syndrome All of the Above

Prader Willi and Wiedeman-Bechwith syndrome

Celiac disease occurs in people who are sensitive to Methionine Tryptophan Valine Gluten Lysine

gluten

Which condition is associated with lower energy needs? Pediatric AIDS Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Cystic fibrosis Spina bifida Renal disease

spina bifida

A 7 year old has low impulse control, short attention span, high level of activity, which could indicate ADHD Rett syndrome Prader-Willi syndrome Spastic quadriplegia ASD

ADHD

The most likely cause of toddler diarrhea in a health child is Intake of vegetables Excessive intake of fat Consumption of eggs Excessive intake of juices that contain sucrose or sorbitol Switching from whole milk to low fat milk

excess intake of juices with sucrose or sorbitol

Children with celiac disease should exclude ___ from their diet Rice Corn Pasta Bananas Chicken

pasta

Which food would be an inappropriate choice to feed a child with spastic quadriplegia Roast beef Steamed or cooked carrots Apples sauce Mashed potatoes Cream of wheat

roast beef

True/False: Sticky carb foods such as raisins are strong dental cary predictors

true

True/False: Snacks contribute significantly to a child’s daily intake during middle childhood

true

True/False: During the school-age years, growth velocity is as great as it was during infancy

false

True/False: The average age of BMI rebound is 6 years

true

True/False: Simple sugars are better choices than complex carbs for overall health and nutrition

false

True/False: Children who consume vegetarian or vegan diets are at a higher risk for becoming obese and may be at a lower risk for some nutrient deficiencies

false

True/False: In order to control screen time for kids it is recommended that tv and other screens be removed from their bedrooms

true

True/False: Research has indicated that early “dieting or unhealthy weight controlling behaviors” may be a risk factor for the development of obesity

true

Kids with a BMI for age between the 85th and 94th percentile are classified as Severely underweight Underweight Healthy weight Overweight Obese

overweight

The children in families who regularly ate three or more meals together weekly were Less likely to be overweight Less likely to have disordered eating More likely to eat healthy foods All of the above

all of the above

Which food will enhance iron absorption Grapefruit Skim milk Corn Carrots Portabella mushrooms

grapefruit

Fats and ____ may have a protective effect on tooth enamel Simple carbs Complex carbs Proteins Dairy products Simple sugars

proteins

According to the AHA and AAP, children over 2 should limit ____ to <7% of kcal/day Saturated fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat Trans fat Cholesterol

saturated fat

The human body requires optimal intake of ____ to support optimal growth and development Sodium Vitamin D Refined carbs Saturated fats

vitamin D

Which food would be the best choice for a parent trying to increase fiber in their child’s diet? Energy bar Broccoli Apple juice White rice Soy milk

broccoli

It is recommended that children engage in at least ___ minutes of physical activity every day

An _____ BMI rebound has been associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity

early

True/False: A diet high in protein is needed for chronic constipation management

false

True/False: A child suffering from celiac disease should strictly avoid intake of protein

false

Which of the following conditions necessitates avoidance of protein-rich meats or dairy products ASD ADHD Asthma Down syndrome PKU

PKU

Every time a child with CF eats a meal or snack, they must take pills containing Pancreatic enzymes Insulin Vitamin K Vitamin C Calcium

pancreatic enzymes

Which of the following conditions requires fat-soluble vitamin supplements Diabetes Osteoporosis PKU Cystic fibrosis Pediatric HIV

cystic fibrosis

Galactosemia will likely affect intake of Calcium Vitamin C Vitamin E Vitamin B12 Iron

calcium

A ketogenic diet severely limits intake of Fats Carbohydrates Proteins Cholesterol Fat-soluble vitamins

carbs

Type 1 Diabetes is related to immune function and results in virtually no ___ production Secretin Leptin Cortisol Insulin

insulin

A major nutrition-related consequence of cystic fibrosis is Malabsorption of nutrients due to a lack of pancreatic enzymes Gluten sensitivity Lactose intolerance Inability to break down protein Low blood glucose

malabsportion of nutrients due to a lack of pancreatic enzymes

PKU is an inherited genetic condition that causes An increase in phenylalanine levels in the body Osteoporosis Excretion of excess ketones in urine An increase in blood glucose levels Constipation because of muscle coordination problems in the GI tract

an increase of phenylalanine levels in the body

True/False: An infant weighing between 1000 and 1500 g at birth is referred to as very low birthweight

true

True/False: Breast milk is unlikely to be recommended for a preterm infant

false

Which of the following procedures of feeding requires a tube passing through the mouth into the stomach Intravenous Jejunostomy Gastrostomy Nasogastric Orogastric

orogastric

PKU is an inherited error in Fat metabolism Carb metabolism Protein metabolism Bone formation Fatty acid accumulation

protein metablosim

Extremely low birthweight infants weigh, at maximum, ________ grams at birth

1000

Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia often need energy intakes (below/above) the DRI

above

In which condition would fewer calories be needed for a child? Infections Fever Difficulty breathing Recovery from surgery Spina bifida

spina bifida

A routine source of fat in preterm infant formula is Long-chain triglycerides Medium-chain triglycerides Short-chain triglycerides Trans fatty acids Vegetable oil

medium-chain triglycerides

To meet the high nutritional needs of preterm infants, a key nutrient in human milk fortifiers is Iron Vitamin D Fat Vitamin A Protein

protein

What is the corrected age for a 9 month old infant born at 32 weeks?

7 months

Which of the following statements is true of general and/or parenteral feedings Breastfeeding is an example of enteral feeding Breastfeeding is an example of parenteral feeding Enteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the digestive system, while parenteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the bloodstream Parenteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the digestive system, while enteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the bloodstream Transport of nutrients across the placenta is an example of enteral feeding

Enteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the digestive system, while parenteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the bloodstream

When enteral nutrition is expected to be needed long term, generally over 3 months, the ____ feeding method is often used Gavage Gavage or gastrostomy Parenteral or jejunostomy Gavage or jejunostomy Gastrostomy or jejunostomy

gastrostomy or jejunostomy

Which of the following statements is NOT true of preterm infants They have higher incidence of temperature instability than term infants They are at higher risk of respiratory problems They are born before 37 weeks gestation They have higher incidence of hypoglycemia than late preterm infants All of the above is true for preterm infants

all of the above is true

Which food would be inappropriate for a baby with galactosemia Sugar solution Apple juice Soybean formula Breast milk Orange juice

breast milk

True/False: menarche may be delayed in highly competitive athletes or girls who severely restrict kcals

true

True/False: the dramatic physical growth and development experience by adolescents are less than the rate of growth experienced during infancy

false

True/False: data suggests that vegetarian adolescents consume more fruits and vegetables, fewer sweets, fewer salty snacks, and less fat than omnivorous teens

true

True/False: teens are future-oriented and tend to be concerned about how their eating will affect them in later years

false

True/False: more frequent family meals are associated with improved dietary intake among adolescents

true

True/False: lunch is the most commonly skipped meal among adolescents

false

True/False: during adolescence the rapid rate of linear growth, the increase in blood volume, and the onset of menarche increase a teen’s need for sodium

false

True/False: physical activity is defined as any planned, structure, and repetitive movement that is done to improve or maintain physical fitness

false

True/False: teens below the 15th percentile for BMI-for-age are considered underweight

false

The use of stimulant meds for conditions such as ____ has been suggested to reduce or delay linear growth ADHD Hyperlipidemia hypertension Type 2 diabetes Iron-deficiency anemia

ADHD

Research suggests that ____ % body fat is required for the maintenance of regular ovulatory cycles

25%

Bone is comprised largely of calcium, protein, and Sodium Iron Boron Potassium Phosphorus

phosphorus

Dietary fiber is important for Development of bones Normal bowel movements Regular menstrual cycle Reducing the risk of anemia Intestinal calcium absorption

normal bowel movements

Food choices made by adolescents while snacking tend to favor foods high in Sugar, sodium, and fat Vitamins and minerals Carbs and fiber Protein and calories Added sugar, calcium, and potassium

sugar, sodium, and fat

Mass media and advertising are some of the ____ factors that play a more distal and indirect role in determining food patterns yet can exert a powerful influence on specific food choices Behavioral Microenvironmental Macrosystem Cognitive-affective Immediate social environmental

macrosystem

Well-planned vegetarian diets can offer health advantages to adolescence such as Low intake of carbs Low intake of calcium High intake of saturated fats High intake of fiber

high intake of fiber

Which vegetarian diet excludes meat, poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, and dairy products Partial-vegetarian Vegan Lacto-ovo-vegetarian Lacto-vegetarian Macrobiotic

vegan

The DRIs set the recommended intake of dietary fiber for adolescent females at ___ g/day and adolescent males at ___g/day

26; 38

The recommended intake of carbs among teens is ____% of kcals

45-65

The DRI for males between 9 and 13 is _____ mg of calcium

1300

Adequate consumption of folate before pregnancy can decrease the incidence of ___

neural tube defects (ie spina bifida)

Teen diets tend to exceed the recommended amount of total and saturated fats, cholesterol, added sugar, and ____ Sodium Iron Zinc Fiber Calcium

sodium

True/False: an inverse association exists between family income and obesity prevalence among white females of all ages

true

True/False: a healthy weight for most individuals is a BMI between 18.5 and 25

true

True/False: potassium-rich diets tend to reduce blood pressure

true

True/False: iron depletion, with or without anemia, is associated with reduced physical, physiological, and mental performance

true

Which of the following is true of chronic disease They are contagious They last for a short duration They develop slowly They do not require medical attention They have a sudden onset

they develop slowly

Menopause is associated with an Increase in muscle mass Increase in abdominal fat Accelerated gain of bone mass Lower risk of cardiovascular disease Increase in the elasticity of the skin

increase in abdominal fat

The additional energy required for the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of what people eat results from____ The thermic effect of food (TEF) Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Estimated energy requirements (EER) Activity thermogenesis Resting energy expenditure

TEF

Which of the following is a risk factor for heart disease? High potassium intake Burnt and charred food High intake of antioxidants High sodium intake Unstructured eating

high sodium intake

The type of fiber that promotes the development of a beneficial mix of microbiota in the gut is known as ____ fiber

insoluble/fermentable

Low vitamin D intake is associated with decreased ____ bioavailability Phosphorus Calcium Potassium Magnesium Iron

calcium

Which of the following eating styles includes the use of vegetables, fish and seafood, and olive oil? Vegetarian DASH Mediterranean Atkins Vegan

mediterranean

What does the term climacteric changes refer to? Bodily changes due to obesity Bodily changes after chemotherapy Changes associated with a person’s diet Changes associated with the end of reproduction Changes that occur when someone shifts from one diet to another

Changes associated with the end of reproduction

A pound of body weight is equivalent to ____kcals

3500

The AMDR for total fat is ____% of kcals

20-35

Based on the AMDR, someone that consumes 2000 kcals per day should get ____kcals from fat 100-300 200-400 400-700 600-900 1000-1200

400-700

The US guideline “if alcohol is consumed, it should be consumed in moderation” is defined as no more than ___ drinks/day for males and ___ drinks/day for females

2; 1

To lose 4 pounds in 4 weeks, one would need to decrease their intake by ____ kcals/day 250 350 500 550 750

500

Which type of fiber is helpful in decreasing the absorption of cholesterol?

soluble/viscous

True/False: viscous fiber facilitates the movement of water in the gut, forming a liquid gel that increases absorption of cholesterol-rich bile and carries them throughout the body

false

True/False: bariatric surgery is reserved for patients who have BMI>40 or >35 w/ high risk of morbidity or mortality

true

True/False: overweight and obesity result entirely from taking in more energy than you expend

false

True/False: carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells

true

The leading cause of death for adults age 24-44 is __________

injury

Which nutrition related factor is associated with increased cancer risk? Whole grains Coffee Salt-preserved foods Garlic Calcium rich foods

salt-preserved foods

Risk factors for CVD include Low LDL Low HDL Low blood pressure Regular PA

low HDL

If a female ate 100 extra calories per day in excess of her needs, how many days would it take her to gain one pound?

Metabolic syndrome is related to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that include Low fasting blood glucose levels Abdominal obesity Low LDL High HDL Low blood pressure

abdominal obesity

Which of the following explains the molecular clock theory Telomeres that cap the ends of chromosomes become shorter with each cell division, and their loss eventually stops the chromosomes from replicating Mistakes it the replication of cells or buildup of damaging byproducts from biological processes eventually destroys the organism The unstable oxygen formed normally during metabolism can damage cells by initiating reactions that break down cell membranes Fast-paced living shortens one’s lifespan The genetic code directs cells to divide a certain number of times during their lifespan

Telomeres that cap the ends of chromosomes become shorter with each cell division, and their loss eventually stops the chromosomes from replicating

Vitamin D’s main role is the maintenance of blood _____ levels and in keeping bones strong and healthy

calcium

At higher doses, vitamin ___ may increase all-cause mortality, and is linked to longer blood-clotting times and tendency to hemorrhage B12 K A E D

Macronutrient recommendations (AMDR) for adults aged 70 plus are

Carb 45-65 fat 20-35 protein 10-35

Which of the following is a high quality protein source Rice Beans Corn Eggs Oats

eggs

Two substances that are better absorbed in synthetic or purified form are folic acid and vitamin A E K D B12

B12

What is the most common reason that b12 deficiency occurs in older adults? Diets are low in b12 since oral problems and financial difficulties limit meat intake The elderly have an inefficient digestive system and slow metabolism Their diets primarily provide synthetic forms of b12, which are less absorbable that the protein-bound form naturally in foods The elderly have a higher incidence of bacterial overgrowth, which decreases the secretion of hydrochloric acid B12 supplements are expensive, and many older adults can not afford them

The elderly have a higher incidence of bacterial overgrowth, which decreases the secretion of hydrochloric acid

Caloric restriction in animals has been shown to Promote age-related disease Shorten life span Increase longevity Accelerate muscle loss Accelerate gray matter atrophy

increase longevity

The term polypharmacy refers to the use of Multiple counselors Multiple doctors Multiple medications Over the counter drugs Prescription drugs

multiple medications

True/False: Vitamin b12 deficiency is related to increased homocysteine blood levels

true

True/False: the percentage of total body water shrinks from infancy to old age

true

The two leading causes of death among the elderly are heart disease and Cancer Influenza Arthritis Alzheimers Diabetes

cancer

Blood test used to verify blood sugar control Hemoglobin Hematocrit Hemoglobin A1C Blood triglycerides Random finger stick

HbA1C

Reasonable hemoglobin A1C for a healthy adult aged 65 and older is less than___ 3% 7.5% 10% 12% 15%

7.5%

A piece of blood clot formed elsewhere that travels to the brian is called ___ Ischemia Aneurysm Cerebral embolism Thrombus Aphasia

cerebral embolism

Which of the following results in hypertension diagnosis 90/70 120/70 110/80 80/85 140/90

140/90

The DRI for calcium for women 51 and older 1000mg/day 1200mg/day 1300mg/day 1500mg/day 2500mg/day

1200 mg/day

Nutrition advice for people who are taking blood thinner is to Maintain a stable vitamin K intake Avoid all foods with vitamin K Eat vitamin K-rich foods only in the evening and take meds in the morning Take a vitamin C supplement with meds Eat lots of vitamin C at every meal

maintain stable vitamin K intake

To prevent vitamin b12 deficiency, adults 51 and older should get b12 from A diet high in animal protein A diet featuring leafy greens and cruciferous veggies Fortified foods and/or supplements A primarily vegetarian diet Drinking non dairy milk products

fortified foods and/or supplements

Sarcopenia refers to Lack of appetite Muscle wasting Porous bones Shrinking height Loss of saliva

muscle wasting

The DASH diet, the Prudent Pattern, and the Mediterranean diet are eating patterns associated with reduced _____ incidence hypertension Stroke Diabetes Osteoporosis Osteoarthritis

stroke

A major contributor to hypertension is ____ intake Vitamin E Protein Fiber Salt Sugar

salt

What is the leading cause of death in the US? Heart disease Cancer Accidents Diabetes Stroke

heart disease

People with obesity are recommended to lose ___-___% of their initial body weight

5-10

Athletes should consume a meal high in ____ and low in ____ 4-5 hours before an athletic event

carbs; protein

Constant fatigue and frequent illness is indicative of a(n) _____ deficiency Zinc Selenium Iron Vitamin D Vitamin A

iron

Which of the following decreases iron absorption? Milk Orange juice Coffee Tea Milk, coffee, and tea

milk, coffee, and tea

Which of the following medications can cause constipation? Opioids NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen) Iron supplements Antacids All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following aggravate GERD symptoms? Peppermint Chocolate Tomatoes Kefir & other fermented foods Carbonated beverages All of the above

all of the above

BMI is not accurate for which of the following populations? Dehydrated people People with edema Athletes Older adults All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following comprise an obesogenic environment? Food advertisements Large portion sizes Technological advances Fast food All of the above

all of the above

True/False: menopause increases risk for CVD

true

High blood levels of homocysteine increases risk of hypertension Diabetes Alzheimers CVD Obesity

CVD

What diet is the most successful in weight loss maintenance over time? Atkins Keto Mediterranean Low fat

mediterranean

Processed meat increases the risk of which type of cancer? Stomach Colorectal Breast Prostate

colorectal

Which ethnic group develops CVD at a lower BMI (25 is cut off) and waist circumference? African Americans Whites Native americans Asians

asians

True/False: Body fatness increases risk of breast cancer after menopause, but is protective before menopause

true

What is the PA recommendation for adults? General recommendation (mod. intensity) ____ For weight loss_____ Vigorous intensity

150min/wk 300min/wk 75min/wk

What is considered the hunger hormone? Leptin PYY Insulin Ghrelin

ghrelin

Which hormones are responsible for satiety? Ghrelin and leptin Insulin and ghrelin Leptin and PYY PYY and serotonin

leptin and PYY

Orlistat is a weight loss medication, it increases the need for ____ Water soluble vitamins Fat soluble vitamins

fat soluble vitamins

RDA for vitamin D is ____IU for adults and _____IU for older adults 400, 600 600, 600 600, 800 400, 800

600; 800

Body image issues are least prevalent in what stage of adolescence Early adolescence Middle adolescence Late adolescence

late adolescence

Older adults should consume, at minimum, ____kcal and _____mL fluids 1500, 1500 1200, 1500 1600, 1500 1800, 1600

1600; 1500

True/False: Food advertisements do not affect kids food intake because they have an innate ability to choose healthy foods

false

True/False: it is recommended that women do not lose weight in pregnancy, even if they have gestational diabetes

true

Which vitamin has a role in immune system function by helping with the cell differentiation of white blood cells? Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin A

vitamin A

Overweight adolescents have a BMI-for-age between the ___ and ____ percentiles

85th and 94th

NHM 201 Practice Exam Flashcards

(290 cards)