Nickel Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Silvery-white metallic element primarily used in making alloys. Has been used in coinage as part of nickel-copper alloys for thousands of years. Hard, malleable, and ductile, capable of taking a high polish. Magnetic properties depend on the specific alloy composition.
A
Nickel?
2
Q
First recognized as an elemental substance in 1751 by Swedish chemist Baron Axel Frederic Cronstedt, who isolated it from niccolite ore.
A
Historical Background of Nickel Discovery
3
Q
Niccolite (Nickeline)
Formula: NiAs
Color: Pale copper red
Luster: Metallic
Hardness: 5-5.5
Specific Gravity: 7.784
Crystal System: Hexagonal
Magnetism: Non-magnetic
A
What are the properties of the mineral Niccolite?
4
Q
More than 95% of meteorites contain this metal, often referred to as “iron-______”.
A
Nickel in Meteorites (The blank is ““nickel””)
5
Q
Green nickel silicate, found in laterite deposits.
A
Garnierite?
6
Q
Nickel sulfide mineral with metallic luster. Formula: NiS
A
Millerite?
7
Q
Nickel arsenide with a copper-red color. Formula: NiAs
A
Niccolite?
8
Q
Nickel-iron sulfide, primary ore of nickel. Formula: (Fe,Ni)⁹S⁸
A
Pentlandite?
9
Q
Magnetic iron sulfide that often contains nickel and is another important ore of nickel. Formula: Fe₁<0xE2><0x82><0x8B>ₓS
A
Pyrrhotite?
10
Q
What is the 22nd most abundant element in Earth’s crustal rocks?
A
Nickel
11
Q
What are the primary ores of Nickel?
A
Pentlandite and Pyrrhotite
12
Q
Used as a protective and ornamental coating for metals like iron and steel due to its __________.
A
Corrosion Resistance (Uses of Nickel)
13
Q
Nickel steel (2-4% nickel) is used in what automobile parts?
A
Axles
14
Q
A key component of nickel-cadmium __________.
A
Batteries (Uses of Nickel)
15
Q
Finely divided nickel absorbs 17 times its volume of hydrogen and is used in __________ processes.
A
Hydrogenation (Nickel as a Catalyst)
16
Q
Alloy with ~67% Ni, 30% Cu, small amounts of Fe and Mn.
A
Monel?
17
Q
Alloy with ~36% Ni, 64% Fe.
A
Invar?
18
Q
Alloy with ~80% Ni, 20% Fe.
A
Permalloy?
19
Q
Alloy with ~80% Ni, 20% Cr.
A
Nichrome?
20
Q
Alloy with ~50-70% Ni, 15-23% Cr, Fe, and other elements.
A
Inconel?
21
Q
Alloy with ~50-70% Ni, 15-30% Mo, Cr, Fe, and Co.
A
Hastelloy?
22
Q
Alloy with ~50% Ni, 50% Ti.
A
Nitinol?
23
Q
Stainless Steel (304, 316) contains approximately what percentage of Nickel?
A
~8-12% Ni
24
Q
Alloy with ~54% Ni, 46% Fe, small amounts of Cr and Mn.
A
Elinvar?
25
Alloy with ~75-80% Ni, 5% Cu, 2% Cr, Fe balance.
Mu-metal?
26
Alloy with ~94% Ni, 4% Si, small amounts of Fe and Mn.
Duranickel?
27
Alloy with ~58% Ni, 19% Cr, 13% Co, Ti, Mo, and Fe.
Waspaloy?
28
Alloys with ~50-60% Ni, 15-20% Cr, Co, Mo, W, and Ti.
Rene alloys?
29
Alloy with ~32-38% Ni, 19-21% Cr, 29-38% Fe, Cu, and Mo.
Alloy 20?
30
Alloy with ~30-45% Ni, 20-24% Cr, Fe balance.
Incoloy?
31
Alloy with ~35-65% Ni, Fe balance.
Ferro-nickel?
32
Alloy with ~60% Cu, 20% Ni, 20% Zn.
Nickel-silver?
33
Alloy with ~42% Ni, 5% Cr, Fe balance, Ti, Al.
Ni-Span C?
34
A silvery-white metal often found as a by-product in nickel laterite deposits, discovered in 1735 by Swedish chemist George Brandt.
Cobalt?
35
An important isotope of Cobalt used extensively in industry and radioisotope therapy.
Cobalt-60?
36
Productive nickel deposits occur as __________ and __________.
Sulfides and Laterites
37
What are the two main types of nickel deposits found in the Philippines?
1. Nickeliferous Laterite Deposits\n2. Magmatic Nickel Sulfide Deposits
38
The most productive and economically significant type of nickel deposit in the Philippines, formed over ultramafic rocks through weathering processes.
What are Nickeliferous Laterite Deposits?
39
Main locations of Nickeliferous Laterite Deposits in the Philippines.
Surigao\Palawan\Samar
40
Type of nickel deposit formed through the crystallization of nickel-bearing magmatic melts. Best example in the Philippines is Acoje, Sta. Cruz, Zambales.
What are Magmatic Nickel Sulfide Deposits?
41
By-products often found in Magmatic Nickel Sulfide Deposits.
Platinum group metals (PGMs)\Gold\Copper
42
Type of nickel deposit formed from nickel-rich hydrothermal fluids circulating through fractures and faults, hosted partially or fully by ultramafic rocks.
What are Hydrothermal Nickel-Bearing Vein Deposits?
43
Main locations of Hydrothermal Nickel-Bearing Vein Deposits in the Philippines.
Leyte\Ilocos Norte
44
Location where Garnierite (a green nickel silicate mineral) is found. The bulk of Philippine nickel deposits are derived from weathering of underlying ultramafic rocks in ophiolite belts.
Laterite deposits?
45
The most productive and important type of deposit in the Philippines. Overlie ultramafic rocks. Exploited in Surigao, Palawan, and Samar. Both limonite and saprolite zones contain nickel ore.
Nickel laterite deposits?
46
A zone within nickel laterite deposits, predominantly composed of iron clay minerals, usually capped by reddish-brown soil with low nickel content.
Limonite zone?
47
Another zone within nickel laterite deposits, with a gradational or sharp contact with the limonite zone. Colored various shades of green mixed with yellow and brown, turning blue, gray to black near bedrock. Green coatings along fractures often due to garnierite.
Saprolite zone?
48
Closely associated with chromitites and platinum group elements (PGE). The Acoje deposit is a prime example. Average grade of 0.23 to 0.47 percent Ni. Nickel forms include pentlandite, nickel-copper-iron alloys, and nickel-rich pyrrhotite/marcasite.
Magmatic nickel sulfide deposit?
49
Occur in narrow silicified zones in serpentinite rock and adjacent rocks. Believed to be epithermal (shallow formation). Nickel leached from serpentinite by hydrothermal fluids and redeposited along fractures.
Hydrothermal nickel sulfide deposits?
50
Underlying rocks that weather to form nickeliferous laterite deposits. Hydrothermal nickel-bearing vein deposits in Leyte and Ilocos Norte are hosted partially or fully by these rocks.
Ultramafic rocks?
51
Geological structures containing the ultramafic rocks that are the source of nickel laterite deposits. The Zambales Ophiolite contains the Acoje block with magmatic nickel sulfide occurrences.
Ophiolite belts?
52
Magmatic nickel sulfide deposits are closely associated with these. Nickel sulfide inclusions found in chromite deposits of Central Palawan.
Chromitites?
53
Hydrothermal nickel sulfide deposits occur in silicified zones within this rock. Nickel is leached from it by hydrothermal fluids in these deposits.
Serpentinite rock?
54
A green nickel silicate mineral found in laterite deposits. High-grade hydrous nickel silicate belonging to the serpentine group. Causes ubiquitous green coatings along fractures in the saprolite zone.
Garnierite?
55
A nickel-iron sulfide and one of the primary ores of nickel. A form in which nickel takes in magmatic nickel sulfide deposits and is found as nickel sulfide inclusions.
Pentlandite?
56
A magnetic iron sulfide that often contains nickel and is another important ore of nickel. Nickel-rich pyrrhotite/marcasite is a form of nickel in magmatic nickel sulfide deposits.
Pyrrhotite?
57
Predominant mineral composition of the limonite zone in nickel laterite deposits, composed of iron clay minerals.
Limonite?
58
A zone in nickel laterite deposits lying between the limonite zone and the bedrock, often containing garnierite.
Saprolite?
59
A characteristic of known hydrothermal nickel sulfide deposits, indicating they formed at shallow depths.
Epithermal?
60
In the early 20th Century, who recognized the potential of nickel deposits in Surigao?
American administrators
61
Between 1912 and 1950, what did a series of laws declare in Surigao?
Large areas as mineral reservations.
62
During World War II, who briefly mined the Nonoc deposit?
The Japanese
63
Where did increased exploration for nickel occur in the 1950s onwards in the Philippines?
Pujada Peninsula (Davao Oriental) and Nonoc Island (Surigao del Norte)
64
When did the nickel refining plant on Nonoc Island begin operations and what was its annual nickel metal production?
December 1974; Over 30
65
By what year did the Philippines rank tenth in the world for refined nickel production?
1981
66
In the late 1970s, which nickel mines began production in the Philippines?
Rio Tuba (Palawan) and Hinatuan (Surigao del Norte)
67
In 1989 and 1993, which nickel mines began production in the Philippines?
Taganito (Surigao mainland) and Manicani (Samar)
68
What was the total Philippine nickel reserves in 1996?
1.09 billion metric tons
69
What was the total volume of nickel reserves/resources in the Philippines in 2023?
approximately 1.94 billion kilograms
70
Nickel Laterite Deposits are derived from the weathering of which type of underlying rocks?
Ultramafic rocks
71
Which two zones of the laterite profile contain nickel ore?
Limonite and Saprolite zones
72
What is the predominant mineral composition of the Limonite Zone?
Iron clay minerals
73
What color does the Limonite Zone typically exhibit as material progresses downward?
Various shades of yellow and brown
74
What are two characteristics of the Limonite Zone?
Plasticity and highly porous
75
What may often appear in the lower portion of the Limonite Zone?
Slightly weathered boulders of the bedrock
76
The contact between the Limonite and Saprolite zones can be either __________ or __________.
Gradational or sharp
77
The Saprolite zone is often colored with various shades of green mixed with hues of __________ and __________.
Yellow and brown
78
As the Saprolite zone approaches the bedrock, it turns into various shades of __________, __________, or __________.
Blue
79
The green coatings along fractures in the Saprolite zone are often due to which mineral?
Garnierite
80
Magmatic Nickel Sulfide Deposits are closely associated with which other geological features/elements?
Chromitites and platinum group elements (PGE)
81
Who reported four occurrences of Magmatic Nickel Sulfide Deposits in the Acoje block of the Zambales Ophiolite in 1989?
Bacuta
82
Who reported nickel sulfide inclusions in the chromite deposits of Central Palawan in 1993?
Santos
83
What is the average nickel grade of known nickel sulfide deposits in the Philippines?
0.23 to 0.47 percent Ni
84
In what forms do Magmatic Nickel Sulfide Deposits occur?
Pentlandite
85
Who believed the Acoje Nickel Sulfide Deposit formed as a result of liquid sulfide immiscibility of crystallizing magma?
Abrajano (1984)
86
Who attributed the formation of the Acoje Nickel Sulfide Deposit to hydrothermal solutions?
Orberger (1988)
87
Who found evidence supporting the formation of the Acoje Nickel Sulfide Deposit through multiple stages of magma melting processes?
Bacuta (1989) and Yumul et al. (1993)
88
What did Santos (1993) document as inclusions in the chromite grains of Central Palawan?
Nickel sulfides and alloys of the Fe-Ni-Cu system
89
What nickel sulfides were identified as inclusions in the chromite grains of Central Palawan?
Pentlandite
90
What other inclusions were found in the chromite grains of Central Palawan besides nickel sulfides?
Amphiboles
91
Santos (1993) believed the inclusions in chromite grains were caused by the __________ of chromite rather than exsolution or unmixing.
Entrapment
92
Hydrothermal Nickel Sulfide Deposits occur in narrow silicified zones in which type of rock?
Serpentinite rock
93
Known Hydrothermal Nickel Sulfide Deposits are believed to be __________, meaning they formed at shallow depths.
Epithermal
94
The metallogenic model for Hydrothermal Nickel Sulfide Deposits involves the leaching of nickel metal from __________ by hydrothermal fluids.
Serpentinite
95
Where is the Jaro deposit (Leyte) located in relation to a known geothermal prospect?
Less than 10 aerial kilometers east
96
Where is the Hydrothermal Nickel Sulfide occurrence in Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte located?
Near a leucogranite intrusion in the serpentinite
97
Who cited the presence of high-sulfidation copper minerals in Pasuquin?
Tupas (1952)
98
