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Anat 100 Block 1 Evaluation > Nicola Eriksen > Flashcards

Nicola Eriksen Flashcards

Block 1 Evaluation (86 cards)

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1
Q

The 4 areas of anatomy include

A

histology - micro
gross anatomy - macro
neuroanatomy
embryology

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2
Q

What are the two things anatomy needs?

A

Form and Function

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3
Q

The human body is organized into 6 categories, what are they?

A 
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level 
organ level 
organ system level 
organismal level
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4
Q

What are the two kinds of body division and explain what parts of the body?

A

Axial - Head, neck, spinal cord, trunk

Appendicular - limbs

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5
Q

what are the organ systems? (hint there are 11)

A

Integumentary - skin, hair, and nails (covers the body)
Skeletal - bones and joints of the body
Muscular - muscle, the skeletal and muscular systems work together to support and move the body
Nerves - brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body
Endocrine - glands that produce and secrete hormones, nervous and endocrine system work together in the integration and coordination
Digestive - starts at mouth ends at anus
Respiratory System - nose, air passageways, and lungs
Cardiovasuclar - blood, blood vessels, and heart
Lymphatic - immune system
Urinary - bladder, kidneys, urethra, uterus
all three systems above support each other in the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes
Reproductive - sexual maturation and procreation

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6
Q

what do you call your front and side of the body?

A

Anterior and Lateral

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7
Q

what are the two main cavities on your anterior side?

A

Thoracic and Abdominal

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8
Q

Directional terms

A 
Superior and Inferior 
Anterior and Posterior 
Medial and Lateral 
Proximal and Distal 
Superficial and Deep (ex fat) (SKIN!!!) 
Parietal (first layer) and Visceral (second layer)
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9
Q

Plane and Sections of the body (hint there are 5)

A

Sagittal - is a vertical plane that divides the human body by left and right parts, when the sagittal plane passes through the midline body it is called midsagittal
Coronal(Frontal) - is a vertical plane that divides the body from anterior to posterior
Horizontal(transverse) - divides the body from superior to inferior horizontally
Oblique - the passes through the body at an angle
Longitudinal - both sagittal and coronal planes are examples of longitudinal planes

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10
Q

There are 4 basic tissues in the human body which are building blocks for every organ

A

epithelium
connective
muscular
nervous

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11
Q

what kinds of epithelium tissue are there? (hint there are 2)

A

covering - covers the external and internal surfaces

glandular - secrete and produce products

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12
Q

what kinds of characteristics does epithelium tissues has (hint there are 5)

A

cellularity - adjacent epithelial cells are joined by junctions, there are four junctions; tight, adhering, desmosomes, and gap
polarity - Apical surface; exposed to external or internal surfaces or Basal surface which is attached to the underlying tissues
attachment - rest on or attached to the basal lamina ( basement membrane )
avascularity - has no direct contact with blood vessels receives nutrients from underlying other types of tissues
regeneration - renewed constantly

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13
Q

Functions of epithelium tissue

A

support and protection - covers and lines external and internal parts of the body protecting the tissue
permeability (absorption in digestive system)
sensation (skin)
secretion (glandular cells)
protection (skin)

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14
Q

what are the three cell shapes (epithelium)

A

squamous - flat thin wide, irregular shape
cuboidal - nucleolus in the middle
columnar - rectangle shape, the nucleolus is oval is shape

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15
Q

cell organization

A

simple - only one cell layer thick

stratified - two or more cell layers thick

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16
Q

how do you name an epithelium tissue

A

simple squamous

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17
Q

simple squamous (where can they be found)

A

lining blood vessels, thin barrier allow rapid exchange

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18
Q

simple cuboidal (where can they be found)

A

lining some glands, glandular

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19
Q

simple columnar (where can they be found)

A

found in the gastrointestinal tract, for rapid exchange

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20
Q

stratified squamous (where can they be found)

A

makes up the superficial layers of ski, allows the protect deep layers of the skin

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21
Q

stratified cuboidal (where can they be found)

A

found in glands to secrete and produce and protection

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22
Q

stratified columnar (where they can be found)

A

male urethra, secretion and protection

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23
Q

The two other shapes of epithelium tissues

A

transitional - (multiple layers) allows for stretching, domed shape (relaxed) and flatten out (stretched)
pseudostratified (ciliated columnar) - (single layers) cilia, hair-like

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24
Q

connective tissue (what are the three kinds of ct)

A

-most widespread and abundant tissue in the human body

loose, dense regular, dense irregular

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25
functions of the ct
support and protection - bones around the skull protect the brain, kidneys are surrounded by fat \ structural framework - cartilage supports nose, ear, trachea and bones provided framework for skeletal muscles medium for exchange - blood carries supplies storage and repair - bones store calcium and fat stores a vast energy source defence - physical barrier basically fights with the immune system and helps it
26
components of ct
cells - fixed (permanent) or wandering fibres - elastic ( thin, branched, rubber-like ), collagen (most abundant, strengthens, like a rope), and reticular (thin) ground substances - high water content, transparent, thick, and in between the fibres and cells
27
what are the types of connective tissues ( 3 types)
ct proper supporting ct specialized (fluid) ct
28
ct proper
loose ct - more ground substances ct with a few fibres(ex adipose tissue) dense ct - less groud substances and more elastic fibres
29
supporting ct
bone - framework of the body | cartilage - structural component
30
specialized (fluid) ct
blood | lymph
31
what is cartilage
firm tissue, found in joints to allow moveable bones, between the vertebrae in the spine, ears, nose, and bronchi tubules
32
what are the components of cartilage
ground substances - firm gel that makes cartilage solid fibres - collagen or elastic cells - are called chondrocytes located in lacunae that contain one or more cells perichondrium - dense irregular ct, that provides cartilage with nutrients lacunae - a small space in cartilage that houses chondrocytes one or more
33
what types of cartilage are there? (hint there are 3 kinds)
Hyaline - meant to bear and distribute weight, very strong rubber and flexible tissue, joints, walls, nose, trachea, rib fibrocartilage - tough and inflexible, resistant, intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis elastic - very flexible, (eustachian tube) connects ear to nose, epiglottis,
34
Bone functions
``` support locomotion protection blood cell production mineral metabolism ```
35
bone components
1/3 organic - cell, fibre, ground substance | 2/3 inorganic - salts, minerals
36
bone structure
each osteon is made up of: concrete rings, bones cells, central canal (Haversian) - blood vessels and nerves
37
skeletal system facts
- 20% of our body mass - 206 named bones - bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, cartilage - divided into two axial and appendicular
38
functions of the skeletal system
support - long bones act at pillars for the trunk of the body, the ribs anchor thoracic wall, skeleton framework acts to anchor all the soft organisms protection - ribs enclose the thoracic wall which protects the heart, the skull protects the brain, the vertebra protects spinal nerves and soft tissues blood cell formation - hematopoiesis in bone marrow produces RBC storage - fat is found in the interior bones as well as minerals movement - skeletal muscles use the bones as levers
39
basic composition of the bone
outer cortical layer - compact bone, stong, hard inner cancellous layer - spongy like porous medullary cavity - blood cells are produced here, bone marrow
40
what is the difference between ligaments and tendons
ligaments - attach bone to bone | tendons - attach muscle to bone
41
four types of bones
long (elongated cylindrical shaft) - legs(femur) and arms short - wrist flat - bone of the skull irregular - vertebrae
42
structures of long bones:
most abundant in the human body Epiphysis - form joint, serves as attachments for ligaments and tendons Metaphysis - in between Diaphysis - elongated cylindrical shaft
43
Articular cartilage
it is hyaline cartilage(carries weight - joints), covers epiphysis reduces friction between joints and absorbs shocks from movable joint
44
periosteum
tough sheath of ct that covers the surface of the bone except for areas of articular cartilage protects and contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone, it also has the cell to produce new blood cells
45
skull bones ( 2 main ones )
there are 22 skull bones cranial bones facial bones
46
cranial bones 5 types
frontal (1 bone) - forehead, tops of your eye sockets temporal (paired) - zygomatic process, mastoid process, external auditory meatus parietal bones (paired) - superior and lateral occipital bone (single) - foramen magnum(spinal cord), occipital condyles (first bone of the neck) sphenoid bone - keystone bone as it attaches the cranial and facial bones, bat-shaped
47
sutures of the skull
coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous
48
what is the cranial vault
roof of the skull, skull cap
49
what is the cranial base
the fossa is defined as the depression of the bone where the brain sits in three fossa; anterior, middle, posterior
50
facial bone of the skull 4 types
maxillary (maxillae) - paired and upper jaw bones Nasal bone - the bridge of the nose zygomatic bone - forms the zygomatic arch mandible bone - lower jaw, body, ramus, and angle
51
vertebral column spine
24 vertebrae 1 sacrum 1 coccyx
52
there are 5 division with the spine
``` cervical thoracic lumber sacrum - fused bone coccyx - fused bone ```
53
Vertebrae structure
body vertebral arch (spinous and transverse) vertebral foramen
54
Atypical Vertebrae
C1 - provides surfaces for dens and occipital condyles, skull rest on top and allows for the yes motion C2 - dens, allows the no movement
55
vertebral articulations
intervertebral disc - fibrocartilage | intervertebral foramina - for nerves to pass-through
56
sacrum and coccyx
fusion of bones (5 and 3)
57
ribs
12 pairs of ribs true ribs - attached to sternum false ribs - 7th rib attached to sternum floating ribs - none attached to sternum
58
sternum (breastbone)
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
59
pectoral Girdle ( hint there are two parts )
clavicle (collar bone) - joins with the manubrium proximally (sternal end) and joins with the scapula distally (acromial end) scapula (shoulder blade) - coracoid process together with acromion, help stabilize the should joint with the humerus and glenoid fossa
60
Arm consists of
humerus which is joined at the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. head, neck, the shaft, and at the distal end that joins with the radius and ulna form the elbow joint that have three ends the: lateral and medial epicondyle, capitulum, trochlea and other side is olecranon fossa
61
forearm consists of
radius - head is attached to the capitulum of the humerus and the distal end is the styloid process which connects to carpal which forms the wrist joint. Plus the neck is attached to the ulna ulna - olecranon connects to the distal end of the humerus olecranon fossa and the trochlear notch locks with the trochlea distal end of humerus, head is styloid process
62
wrist and hand consists of
carpal bones wrist metacarpal bones palm phalanges bones fingers
63
pelvic girdle
ilium, ischium, pubis these attach the lower limb to the axial
64
ilium
PSIS PIIS ASIS AIIS
65
Ischium and pubis
pubis infuses with both ilium and ischium made of fibrocartilage
66
features of the pelvic bone that connects it with the femur
greater sciatic notch - passages of nerves and vessels lesser sciatic notch - permits the passage of structures acetabulum - head of the femur obturator foramen - passage nerves and vessels
67
what does the thigh consist of
femur - head and neck proximal end connects to the pelvic girdle of acetabulum forming the hip joint distal end lateral and medial condyle forms the knew joint to tibia and plus the patellar surface to femur and groove of patella
68
leg consists of
tibia - medial and lateral condyle femur connects with the head and there is also the tibial tuberosity, the distal end is the medial malleolus fibula - proximal end its medial head connects to the tibia and end is lateral malleolus
69
ankle and foot
tarsal bones - ankle metatarsal bones - foot phalanges - toes
70
joints moble and stable
the most moble joint the least stable the most stable joint the least moble
71
synovial joints
enclosed by a joint capsule with a fluid-filled cavity
72
movements of this joint
gliding - the motions of bones sliding over one another angular - (flexion (bending), extension (straightening), abduction(away from the body), adduction (towards the body)) rotation - joint pivots around its own axis special movements - supination and pronation(rotation of radius over the ulna, supination is palm faces anterior and pronation palm faces posterior), inversion(medially) and eversion(laterally) (twisting motion of the ankle), circumduction (continuous movement combines all angular movements)
73
what are the 3 kinds of muscles
skeletal muscle - movement, bones and tendons cardiac muscle - heart is modulated by neural and hormone activity smooth muscle - controlled by the nervous system or hormones
74
muscles can be characterized by their morphology (2 answers for this )
functions and morphology-form
75
functions
voluntary - muscles that are consciously controlled (skeletal muscle) involuntary - not controlled (smooth and cardiac muscles)
76
morphology-form
smooth - found in blood vessels and digestive tract, contains a single nucleus, fusiform-shaped no striations Striated - found in the skeletal and cardiac muscle - multi nucleus for skeletal and found peripherally and single nucleus in cardiac found centrally and feature intercalated discs
77
how do muscle function
contractility - muscle cell excited by a nerve or hormone cause muscle to contract excitability - muscle tissues receive a response from nerves or hormones
78
there are three kinds of ct in muscle-skeletal
epimysium - covers the entire muscle and becomes the tendon perimysium - surrounds a bundle of muscle fibres (fascicle) endomysium - layer that covers individual muscle fibre with a muscle bundle enclosed the myofibrils
79
muscle cell and its components
nuclei - multi t-tubules - transmit nerves stimulated to the sarcoplasmic R SR ^ - surrounds each myofibril muscle cells that stored calcium sarcolemma - surrounds the membrane myofibril - contain myofilaments myofilaments - contractile
80
myofilaments and its components
myofilaments are organized into repeating sarcomere, consists of actin(thin) and myosin(thick) remember the letters
81
facial expression (muscles)
frontalis - eyebrow lift orbicularis oculi - close eyes zygomaticus - smile orbicularis oris - kiss
82
mastication
temporalis | masseter
83
head and neck 3 muscles
sternocleidomastoid muscle semispinalis capitis splenius capitis
84
Thorax (ribs)
external and internal
85
Back
Erector spine muscles
86
abdominal wall
``` external oblique internal oblique transverse abdominis rectus abdominis (tendinous intersections and linea alba) ```

Anat 100 Block 1 Evaluation (1 decks)

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