NINETEENTH-CENTURY PHILIPPINES, AND THE FRIAR-PROBLEMA

Question 1

• Philippine law that requires all schools in the philippines both public and private to offer course on the life, works, and writing of the philippine national hero Dr. Jose Rizal

Answer 1

RIZAL LAW / RA 1425

Question 2

When did the Spanish Rule in the Philippines begin?

Answer 2

Conquest by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565

Question 3

Where in the Philippines did the conquest by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565 start?

Answer 3

Cebu

Question 4

Before the Spanish came, Filipinos had what?

Answer 4

• their own culture
• their own government
• leaders

Question 5

Pre-colonial Philippine government

Answer 5

barangay

Question 6

Pre-colonial leaders on the Philippines

Answer 6

datu

Question 7

The Philippines became a Spanish colony and was ruled by?

Answer 7

The King of Spain

Question 8

Period of time when the rule of the Philippines was administered by the Viceroy of Mexico

Answer 8

1565-1821

Question 9

After Mexico gained independence in 1821, the Philippines was directly ruled from?

Answer 9

Spain

Question 10

The Spanish introduced what kind of political system to control the Philippines?

Answer 10

Centralized political system to control the Philippines.

Question 11

• The highest official
• appointed by the Spanish King
• had control over executive, legislative,
  and judicial matters
• oversaw religious affairs
• The highest authority in the colony,
  with extensive powers.

Answer 11

Governor General

Question 12

Advisory bodies that assisted the Governor General

Answer 12

• Lieutenant General
• Board of Authorities

Question 13

The Philippines was divided into provinces, each led by a?

Answer 13

Civil Governor

Question 14

Cities and towns were governed by a?

Answer 14

Cabildo (city council) with Mayors and Vice Mayors

Question 15

Smallest government unit at the local level

Answer 15

Barangay

Question 16

• Head of the barangay
  -elected by influential members of the
  community known as the principalia

Answer 16

Gobernadorcillo (later called capitan)

Question 17

Second-in-command to the Governor General.

Answer 17

Lieutenant General

Question 18

Advisory body to the Governor General.

Answer 18

Board of Authorities

Question 19

Another advisory body to the Governor General.

Answer 19

Council of Administration

Question 20

Responsible for administrative tasks

Answer 20

Secretariat of the Central Government

Question 21

Head of the barangay, responsible for collecting taxes and tributes.

Answer 21

Cabeza de Barangay

Question 22

After the conquest, Filipinos were forced to?

Answer 22

• follow foreign customs and adopt
  Spanish Catholicism, which they did
  not fully understand
• They also lost their ancestral lands
  through the encomienda system
• and many changes in government and
  laws were imposed.

Question 23

Economic Context of the Philippines in the 19th Century in the Context of Rizal

Answer 23

1. Economic Dependence on Spain
2. Rise of a Merchant Class
3. Economic Inequality and Exploitation
4. Rizal’s Views on Economic Inequality

Question 24

• The Philippines was primarily an
  agricultural economy, with sugar,
  tobacco, rice, and hemp as the primary
  exports to Spain and other European
  markets.
• Spanish colonial policies favored the
  economic interests of Spain, resulting
  in a lack of industrial development and
  an over-dependence on agriculture.
• The monopoly system that Spain
  implemented over certain industries
  like tobacco limited the growth of local
  entrepreneurship.

Answer 24

Economic Dependence on Spain

Question 25

What were the primary exports from the Philippines to Spain?

Answer 25

Sugar, tobacco, rice, hemp

Question 26

By the late 19th century, there was the emergence of a middle class composed of local Filipino merchants and landowners, many of whom were part of the Illustrados (educated Filipinos).

Answer 26

Rise of a Merchant Class

Question 27

What emerging class was Rizal’s family a part of?

Answer 27

Merchant Class

Question 28

- The vast majority of Filipinos lived in poverty, and the exploitation of local labor, especially in the agricultural sector, was widespread. - The encomienda system (a grant of land and labor to Spanish colonizers) was replaced by landlordism, where rich Filipino and Spanish landlords owned large tracts of land, often working Filipino peasants to the bone.

Answer 28

Economic Inequality and Exploitation

Question 29

A grant of land and labor to Spanish colonizers

Answer 29

Encomienda System

Question 30

Rich Filipino and Spanish landlords owned large tracts of land, often working Filipino peasants to the bone

Answer 30

Landlordism

Question 31

What were Rizal’s views on Economic Inequality?

Answer 31

- Rizal criticized the economic system that oppressed the Filipino peasantry - He believed that the Spanish government and the Catholic Church were largely responsible for the economic hardships faced by the Filipino people. - Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo portray the poverty and social injustice suffered by the Filipinos, particularly the farmers and workers.

Question 32

Social Context of the Philippines in the 19th Century in the Context of Rizal

Answer 32

1. Spanish Dominance and the Caste System 2. Inequality in Education 3. Role of the Catholic Church 4. Rizal’s Advocacy for Social Reform

Question 33

What were the social classes that the Filipino society was divided into?

Answer 33

1. Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) 2. Insulares (Spaniards born in the Philippines) 3. Mestizos (Children of Filipino and Spanish) 4. Indios (native Filipinos)

Question 34

Education was limited to?

Answer 34

The elites, mainly Spaniards and mestizos

Question 35

-Controlled the educational system -Their curricula were used to enforce Catholic doctrine and loyalty to Spain

Answer 35

Jesuit and Franciscan missions

Question 36

played a significant role in the social structure of the Philippines, not only in religious affairs but also in political and economic matters.

Answer 36

The Catholic Church

Question 37

How did Rizal critique the Church?

Answer 37

- criticized the powerful position of the church in the social and political life of the Philippines. -He pointed out how the clergy, especially friars, abused their power and exploited the Filipino people.

Question 38

Rizal used his writings to advocate for?

Answer 38

- Social change _ Emphasized the need for education, equality, and reforms - Emphasized the importance of - **Philippine nationalism** - The need for a Filipino identit

Question 39

Political Context of the Philippines in the 19th Century in the Context of Rizal

Answer 39

1. Spanish Colonial Rule 2. The Propaganda Movement 3. The Growing Nationalist Movement 4. Rizal’s Execution and its Political Impact

Question 40

The Philippines was a colony of Spain for over 300 years, and during the 19th century, the Spanish government imposed heavy taxes, limited political participation, and denied Filipinos self-governance.

Answer 40

Spanish Colonial Rule

Question 41

Rizal’s Struggle Against Political Oppression?

Answer 41

Highlighted the deep rooted - political corruption - abuse of power by the Spanish colonial government, clergy - Denial of rights to Filipinos

Question 42

called for reforms such as representation in the Spanish Cortes (parliament), better educational systems, and the abolition of corrupt practices.

Answer 42

The Propaganda Movement

Question 43

Filipino intellectuals and reformists that led the Propaganda Movement

Answer 43

- Rizal, - Graciano López Jaena - Mariano Ponce

Question 44

was a key work that spoke out against the abuses by Spanish officials and the Catholic Church, calling for justice and equality

Answer 44

Noli me Tangere

Question 45

led to the development of nationalist sentiments.

Answer 45

The rise of the Illustrados (educated Filipinos), who had studied in Europe

Question 46

When was Rizal executed?

Answer 46

December 30, 1896

Question 47

inspired a widespread nationalist movement that eventually led to the Philippine Revolution and the country's independence.

Answer 47

Rizal’s death

Question 48

- Spanish colonial rule led to the widespread adoption of Catholicism, which had a profound effect on Filipino culture, traditions, and customs. The Church played a dominant role in the everyday life of Filipinos, influencing religious practices, festivals, and even the arts. - Rizal, in his works, often criticized how the church suppressed Filipino cultural practices and traditions, imposing Spanish cultural norms and values upon them.

Answer 48

The Influence of the Spanish Catholic Church:

Question 49

What was the cause for the decline of native Filipino cultural practices. Traditional Filipino languages, arts, and rituals were suppressed in favor of Spanish customs

Answer 49

Spanish colonization

Question 50

Rizal encouraged the Filipinos to embrace their native culture and history. Through his works, he highlighted the importance of preserving Filipino heritage and national pride.

Answer 50

Rizal's Role in Reviving Filipino Culture

Question 51

- became increasingly influential during the 19th century. - They began to push for reforms and cultural revival. -Many of them, including Rizal, were heavily influenced by the Enlightenment ideas from Europe, which emphasized reason, individual rights, and freedom.

Answer 51

Ilustrados, the educated class of Filipinos

Question 52

Rizal’s works were cultural responses to the?

Answer 52

Colonial domination of the Spanish