NINJA BEC

Question 1

What is Capital Budgeting? How is it used?

Answer 1

Managerial Accounting technique used to evaluate different investment options

Helps management make decisions

Uses both accounting and non-accounting information

Internal focus

GAAP is not mandatory

Question 2

What values are used in Capital Budgeting?

Answer 2

Capital Budgeting ONLY uses Present Value tables.

Capital Budgeting NEVER uses Fair Value.

Question 3

When is the Present Value of $1 table used?

Answer 3

For ONE payment- ONE time.

Question 4

When is the Present Value of an Annuity Due used?

Answer 4

Multiple payments made over time- where the payments are made at the START of the period.

Question 5

When is the Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity of $1 (PVOA) used?

Answer 5

Multiple payments over time- where payments are made at the END of the period.

Think A for Arrears.

Question 6

What is the calculation for the Present Value of $1?

Answer 6

1 / (( 1+i )^n)

i : interest rate
n : number of periods

Question 7

What is Net Present Value (NPV)?

Answer 7

A preferred method of evaluating profitability.

One of two methods that use the Time Value of Money
: PV of Future Cash Flows - Investment

Question 8

How is NPV used to calculate future benefit?

Answer 8

NPV : PV Future Cash Flows - Investment

If NPV is Negative- Cost is greater than benefits (bad investment)

If NPV is Positive- Cost is less than benefit (good investment)

If NPV : 0- Cost : Benefit (Management is indifferent)

Question 9

What is the rate of return on an investment called?

Answer 9

The Discount Rate.

Question 10

What does the Discount Rate represent?

Answer 10

The rate of return on an investment used.

It represents the minimum rate of return required.

Question 11

What are the strengths of the Net Present Value system?

Answer 11

Uses the Time Value of Money

Uses all cash flows- not just the cash flows to arrive at Payback

Takes risks into consideration

Question 12

What are the weaknesses of the Net Present Value system?

Answer 12

Not as simple as the Accounting Rate of Return.

Question 13

How do Salvage Value and Depreciation affect Net Present Value?

Answer 13

NPV includes Salvage Value because it is a future cash inflow.

NPV does NOT include depreciation because it is non-cash.

Exception - If a CPA Exam question says to include tax considerations- then you have to include depreciation because of income tax savings generated by depreciation.

Question 14

If multiple potential rates of return are available- which is used to calculate Net Present Value?

Answer 14

The minimum rate of return is used.

Question 15

What is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR)?

Answer 15

It calculates a project’s actual rate of return through the project’s expected cash flows.

IRR is the rate of return required for PV of future cash flows to EQUAL the investment.

Investment / After Tax Annual Cash Inflow : PV Factor

Question 16

Which rate of return is used to re-invest cash flows for Internal Rate of Return?

Answer 16

Cash flows are re-invested at the rate of return earned by the original investment.

Question 17

How does the rate used for Internal Rate of Return (IRR) compare to that used for Net Present Value (NPV)?

Answer 17

Rate of return for IRR is the rate earned by the investment.

Rate of return for NPV is the minimum rate.

Question 18

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Internal Rate of Return system?

Answer 18

Strengths: Uses Time Value of Money- Cash Flow emphasis

Weakness: Uneven cash flows lead to varied IRR

Question 19

When is NPV on an Investment positive?

Answer 19

When the benefits are greater than the costs.

IRR is greater than the Discount Rate

Question 20

When is NPV on an Investment Negative?

Answer 20

When Costs are greater than Benefits

IRR is less than the Discount Rate

Question 21

When is NPV Zero?

Answer 21

When benefits equal the Costs

IRR : Discount Rate

Question 22

What is the Payback Method? How is it calculated?

Answer 22

It measures an investment in terms of how long it takes to recoup the initial investment via Annual Cash Inflow

Investment / Annual Cash Inflow : Payback Method

Compare to a targeted timeframe; if payback is shorter than target- it’s a good investment. If payback is longer than target- it’s a bad investment.

Question 23

What are the strengths of the Payback Method?

Answer 23

Takes risk into consideration

2 year payback is less risky than a 5 year payback

Question 24

What are the weaknesses of the payback method?

Answer 24

Ignores the Time Value of Money

Exception: Discount payback method

Ignores cash flow after the initial investment is paid back

Question 25

What is the Accounting Rate of Return?

Answer 25

An approximate rate of return on assets ARR : Net Income / Average Investment Compare to a targeted return rate; if ARR greater than target- good investment. If ARR less than target- bad investment.

Question 26

What are the strengths of the Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)?

Answer 26

Simple to use People understand easily

Question 27

What are the weaknesses of the Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)?

Answer 27

Can be skewed based on Depreciation method that is used. Ignores the Time Value of Money.

Question 28

What is an Expected Return?

Answer 28

An approximate rate of return on assets.

Question 29

What is the primary duty of the board of directors?

Answer 29

To monitor management behavior.

Question 30

What is the responsibility of the Nominating or Corporate Governance Committee of the board of directors?

Answer 30

Oversees the board Responsible for hiring new CEO

Question 31

What is the responsibility of the audit committee of the board of directors?

Answer 31

The audit committee appoints and oversees the external auditor.

Question 32

What is the duty of the compensation committee of the board of directors?

Answer 32

The compensation committee handles the CEO's compensation package.

Question 33

What does the NYSE and NASDAQ require of the board of directors?

Answer 33

They require the board to be independent.

Question 34

What is the main goal in an executive compensation package?

Answer 34

The package should ensure that the goals of management should match those of the shareholders.

Question 35

How can an executive compensation package ensure that goals of management align with those of shareholders?

Answer 35

Executive compensation should create an incentive for management to govern in a shareholder-friendly way that doesn't sacrifice the long-term success of the enterprise for short-term gain.

Question 36

Which influences help mold the direction that management takes?

Answer 36

They range from internal (Board of Directors- Audit Committee- Internal Control) to external (Creditors- SEC- IRS) These influences should not be tainted by undue influence from management or have financial ties to management such as compensation-related duties

Question 37

What is shirking?

Answer 37

When management doesn't act in the best interest of shareholders. It can be alleviated by tying compensation to stock performance or company profit.

Question 38

What requirements are imposed on a public company under Sarbanes-Oxley?

Answer 38

Management must submit a report on the effectiveness of Internal Control in the 10K. Management must disclose significant Internal Control deficiencies. CEO/CFO must certify that the financial statements comply with securities laws and fairly present the financial condition of the company.

Question 39

What characteristics are promoted by the COSO framework on Internal Control?

Answer 39

Reliable financial reporting Effective and efficient operations Compliance

Question 40

What are the elements of the control environment?

Answer 40

``` Integrity & Ethics Competence The Board of Directors & Audit Committee Management's Operating Style Organizational Structure Authority & Roles of Responsibilities HR Policies ```

Question 41

What are control activities?

Answer 41

A component of Internal Control that includes actions being taken to promote the control environment.

Question 42

What are the basic elements of Internal Control?

Answer 42

``` Control Environment Risk Assessment Control Activities Information and Communication Monitoring ```

Question 43

What is the significance of the Information and Communication aspect of Internal Control?

Answer 43

Management must have access to relevant and timely information to make good decisions.

Question 44

How does Monitoring affect Internal Control?

Answer 44

Internal Control activities must be constantly monitored and evaluated for effectiveness.

Question 45

What activities does the COSO framework for enterprise risk management include?

Answer 45

``` Identifies Risk Factors Promotes Risk Response Decisions Compares Management Risk vs. Shareholder Goals Aids in evaluating opportunities Promotes Quicker Capital movement ``` Does NOT eliminate all risk

Question 46

What are possible responses to risk under the COSO framework for enterprise risk management?

Answer 46

Avoid or Reduce Share or Accept