Nixon through 9.11 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
A
an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment
2
Q
Clean Water Act
A
Federal Law setting a national goal of making all natural surface water fit for fishing and swimming by 1983, banned polluted discharge into surface water and required the metals be removed from waste
3
Q
Realpolitik
A
Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.
4
Q
Henry Kissinger
A
United States diplomat who served under President Nixon and President Ford (born in 1923); Helped end the Vietnam War
5
Q
SALT I
A
Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation
6
Q
SALT II
A
Additional arms limitations signings in 1979 which places limits on long-range missiles, bombers and nuclear warheads.
7
Q
Dentente
A
policy of US government to relax tensions with communist countries
8
Q
Richard Nixon
A
1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated “Vietnamization”, created a “credibility gap,” Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign
9
Q
Silent Majority
A
A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s
10
Q
OPEC
A
An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.
11
Q
Southern Strategy
A
Nixon’s plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party
12
Q
Affirmative Action
A
A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
13
Q
Watergate Scandal
A
A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.
14
Q
25th Amendment
A
Presidential succession
15
Q
executive privilege
A
The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.
16
Q
Presidential Pardon
A
Power of the executive branch to forgive a person of a crime and prevent the person from being re-tried.
17
Q
Jimmy Carter
A
39th U.S. President. 1977-1981. Democratic; Called a Washington Outsider; Pardons the Vietnam “draft dodgers,” Failed to end the Iran Hostage Crisis
18
Q
Sanctions
A
restrictions intended to enforce international law
19
Q
Camp David Accords
A
A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel
20
Q
Wisconsin v. Yoder
A
Amish children do not have to go to school until they are 16—they may stop after the 8th grade
21
Q
Liberalism
A
A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity; often associated with change
22
Q
Conservatism
A
A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.
23
Q
Ronald Reagan
A
1981-1989,”Great Communicator” Republican, conservative economic policies
24
Q
Reaganomics
A
These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.
25
supply-side economics
An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.
26
New Right
Was a combination of Christian religious leaders, conservative business bigwigs who claimed that environmental and labor regulations were undermining the competitiveness of American firms in the global market, and fringe political groups.
27
Moral Majority
The Moral Majority was established to preserve "traditional" American values and to combat increasing acceptance of social movements and culture changes. The organization became a major political influence in its opposition to abortion, feminism, and other liberal movements during the 1980s.
28
Glasnost
A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.
29
Perestroika
A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
30
Iran-Contra Affair
scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected
31
AIDS crisis
in the Reagan years, first appeared in the US in 1981. the source of the virus was from Africa. acquired immune deficiency syndrome. no known cure. most vulnerable groups: drug addicts & homosexuals. by 1993: 102, 780 deaths in US. new social and cultural developments from early 80s.
32
SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative)
Reagan's proposed missile-defense system; featured orbiting battle stations in space that could fire laser beams to vaporize intercontinental missiles on liftoff; popularly known as "Star Wars", Reagan described it as an "astrodome" shield over America; scientifically impossible and astronomically expensive, the initiative was part of Reagan's plan to force the Soviets' hand.
33
Stagflation
a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment while prices rise
34
Helsinki Accords
A conference in Finland in 1975 that was an attempt to improve relations between the East and West; focused on supporting human rights
35
Cambodian Genocide
Pol Pot eliminated educated, artists, religious, and minorities
36
1979 Oil Crisis
Large increase in oil prices by OPEC causes inflation to increase during Carter's tern due to conflict with Iran
37
Soviet-Afghan War
The Soviets invade Afghanistan, many people support Afghanistan through the context of the Cold War and to prevent the spread of Communism.
38
Proxy War
a war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly
39
Iran Hostage Crisis
In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.
40
deficit spending
Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes
41
Nixon in China
=Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung for improved relations with China, Called "ping-pong diplomacy" because Nixon played ping pong with Mao during his visit. Nixon agreed to support China's admission to the United Nations.
42
Yuppies
Term for "young urban professionals" of the 1980s who flaunted their wealth through conspicuous consumer spending
43
War on Drugs
In the late 70s and 80s, this campaign fought the new levels of poverty, crime, & drug addiction in the inner cities.
44
Challenger Explosion
1986- Explosion due to malfunctioning O-Rings- Disaster for NASA and the Nation looked on in Shock
45
Margaret Thatcher
leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Prime Minister who had a special friendship with Ronald Reagan
46
Fall of the Berlin Wall
The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany in 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War.
47
deregulation
The lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer.
48
Voucher
A grant or payment made to a parent or child to be used to pay the cost of the child's education in a private or public school
49
Sandra Day O'Connor
First woman Supreme Court justice appointed to the bench by President Ronald Reagan.
50
Japan
Trade inequity happened with this country due to large amounts of technology and automobile imports coming into America and the US facing trade restrictions with them.
51
Gerald Ford
Only president never elected
52
Mujahideen
in Afghanistan, holy warriors who banded together to fight the Soviet-supported government in the late 1970s
53
1980's Olympics
President Carter boycotted the Olympics after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan
54
Contras
counterrevolutionary group in Nicaragua that opposed the Sandinistas
55
Sandinistas
Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990.
56
Ayatollah Khomeini
Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.
57
Counterculture
A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.
58
generation gap
The cultural seperation between children and their parents
59
The Beatles
a British band that had an enormous influence on popular music in the 1960s
60
Communes
place where hippies participated in other forms of living together; everyone had the same rank; farm-like area
61
Feminism
the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men
62
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. Defeated in the House in 1972.
63
Betty Friedan
American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".
64
Gloria Steinem
An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.
65
Phyllis Schlafly
1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s
66
National Organization for Women
Inspired by Betty Frieden, a reform organization that battled for equal rights with men by lobbying and testing laws in court. NOW wanted equal employment opportunities, equal pay, ERA, divorce law changes, and legalized abortion.
67
Dolores Huerta
taught farmworkers how to become citizens and how to vote; earned more money to buy food and clothing for them; worked with Cesar Chavez to form the National Farm Workers Association
68
Cesar Chavez
Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.
69
migrant farmworker
person who travels from farm to farm to pick fruits and vegetables
70
United Farm Workers
organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chavez
71
Chicano Movement
The Mexican-American movement that sought political and social justice; addressed negative stereotyping of Mexicans, this stereotyping was addressed through works of literary and visual arts.
72
American Indian Movement
led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre
73
Japanese American Citizens League
Pushed the government to compensate those sent to the camps for their lost property
74
Ralph Nadar
His book, Unsafe at Any Speed, criticized poor construction and design of automobiles
75
Stonewall Riots
Uprising in NYC; Triggered activist protests among the LGBTQ+ community - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gay people, began the Gay Pride Movement
76
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
effects of pesticides on the environment; changed way Americans viewed their impact on nature
77
toxic waste
discarded chemical substances that can cause serous illness or death
78
Earth Day
International day of celebration and awareness of global environmental issues launched by conservationists on April 22, 1970
79
Clean Air Act
Set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants
80
Endangered Species Act
identifies threatened and endangered species in the US, and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations
81
Detente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.
82
boat people
after the Vietnam War, refugees who escaped from Vietnam in small boats.
83
Christian Fundamentalism
individual who believes in a strict, literal interpretation of the Bible as the foundation of the Christian faith
84
amnesty
a general pardon for an offense against a government; in general, any act of forgiveness or absolution
85
Community Reinvestment Act
Required banks to make loans available in low income, minority communities
86
budget deficit
a shortfall of tax revenue from government spending
87
national debt
The sum of government deficits over time.
88
Savings and Loan Crisis
the failure of about 1,000 savings and loan banks as a result of risky business practices
89
Tiannamen Square
Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.
90
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.
91
Apartheid
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
92
Nelson Mandela
ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.
93
Operation Desert Storm
1991 American-led attack on Iraqi forces after Iraq refused to withdraw its troops from Kuwait
94
George H. W. Bush
41st U.S. President. 1989-1993. Republican; Persian Gulf War
95
Bill Clinton
42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached
96
H. Ross Perot
Billionaire Texas businessman, best remembered for running for President in 1992 and 1996 under Independent Party banner.
97
Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia
a policy of murder and other acts of brutality by which Serbs hoped to eliminate the Muslim population after the breakup of Yugoslavia
98
Al Qaeda
a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001
99
Columbine High School
Colorado high school where a deadly shooting in 1999 stirred a national movement against guns and gun violence
100
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
101
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
An agreement for free trade between the United States, Canada, and Mexico
102
World Trade Organization (WTO)
a permanent global institution to promote international trade and to settle international trade disputes
103
Family and Medical Leave Act
1993; Requires employers with 50 or more workers to grant up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave a year to allow workers to take time off to help care for a new baby or an ill family member without fear of losing their jobs.
104
Brady Bill
Law passed in 1993 requiring a waiting period on sales of handguns, along with a criminal background check on the buyer.
105
Newt Gingrich
Gingrich was the Republican speaker in the House. He pushed for more conservative legislation during Clinton's presidency.
106
Kenneth Starr
prosecutor against Clinton in the Lewinsky scandal
107
Impeachment
An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the president, vice president, or other civil officers of the United States of committing "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."
108
Clinton's Impeachment Trial
was impeached by the House of Representatives on two charges, one of perjury and one of obstruction of justice, on December 19, 1998.
109
Internet
A global network connecting millions of computers, making it possible to exchange information.
110
George W. Bush
43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001
111
No Child Left Behind Act
A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.
112
Taliban
A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996
113
Department of Homeland Security
US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism
114
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Operation where U.S. troops invaded Iraq and Saddam's forces collapsed almost immediately. Baghdad fell, and Saddam and other Iraqi leaders went into hiding. In the months that followed Saddam and many of his supporters were captured
115
Operation Enduring Freedom
President George W. Bush; the United States and its allies invade the country of Afghanistan in order to remove the Taliban from power after the 9/11 attacks.
116
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons intended to kill or harm on a large scale
117
9.11
Terrorist attacks on World Trade Center and Pentagon
