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RUSVM Anatomy II Final Exam Questions > Nociception > Flashcards

Nociception Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Define nociception

A

Detection of a noxious stimuli by stimulating nociceptors

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2
Q

What are the 3 kinds of stimulus nociceptors respond to?

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Thermal
  3. Chemical
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3
Q

Nociceptors have _______ nerve endings and ______ distribution to all parts of the body.

A

Free nerve endings

Wide distribution

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4
Q

What are the 2 main nociceptor fiber types?

A

AD Fibers- (alpha-delta fibers)

C Fibers

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5
Q

Which fibers are associated with sharp, pricking pain?

A

AD Fibers

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6
Q

Which fibers are fast-conducting and mylinated?

A

AD Fibers

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7
Q

Which fibers are associated with burning or throbbing pain?

A

C Fibers

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8
Q

Which fibers are unmyelinated and slow-conducting?

A

C Fibers

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9
Q

Which fibers detect superficial and deep pain?

A

BOTH fibers detect BOTH superficial and deep pain

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10
Q

Which reflex uses nociceptor fibers for the sensory part of the reflex?

A

Withdrawal reflex

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11
Q

Is pain reaction a voluntary or involuntary behavior?

A

It is VOLUNTARY behavior

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12
Q

Trauma or inflammation causes ______ pain.

A

ACUTE

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13
Q

What is Hypoalgesia?

A

Decreased perception of pain

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14
Q

What is Analgesia?

A

Complete absence of perception of pain

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15
Q

What is Anesthesia?

A

Complete absence of all sensory perception

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16
Q

The ARAS is important in nociception because it is the link between sensory stimulation and ________.

A

Arousal

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17
Q

Noxious stimuli ______ alertness and autonomic functions (heart and respiratory rate)

A

increases

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18
Q

T or F: Increased heart and respiratory rates imply cortical involvement.

A

NO!!

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19
Q

What are the Ascending Nociceptive Pathways?

A

Spinocervicothalamic tract

Spinoreticular tract

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20
Q

Which path is responsible for transmitting superficial pain and tactile sensations? (Pinching)

A

Spinocervicothalamic tract

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21
Q

Which path is responsible for transmitting deep pain signals?

A

Spinoreticular tract

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22
Q

What is the primary conscious pain pathway in carnivores?

A

Spinocervicothalamic tract

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23
Q

Location of the stimulus can be precisely determined by the animal via the _________ tract.

A

Spinocervicothalamic tract

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24
Q

The spinocervicothalamic tract has a high degree of _______.

A

Somatotopy

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25
Which tract transmits deep pain and visceral sensation?
Spinoreticular tract
26
Which pain pathway is more vulnerable to compressive injury?
Spinocervicothalamic tract
27
Dull, aching, and throbbing pain is what type of pain?
Visceral
28
Why is there a negative emotional reaction to pain?
Because the pain pathways are connected to the limbic system
29
An individual with no aversion to pain might have a damaged _______ system.
Limbic system damaged.
30
What parts of the body are responsible for modulating pain perception?
Periphery Spinal Cord Brainstem
31
What substances lower the threshold of nociceptors making them easier to stimulate?
Inflammatory mediators released by injured tissue such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes
32
What substances DIRECTLY stimulate pain receptors?
Bradykinin Serotonin K+
33
What is Substance P?
neurotransmitter that dilates blood vessels and degranulates mast cells
34
Substance P ________ sensitization of nociceptors.
Increases
35
What is hyperalgesia?
When noxious stimuli produces greater than normal nociceptor activity. Substance P contributes to hyperalgesia
36
What is allodynia?
When non-noxious stimuli activates nociceptors Substance P contributes to allodynia
37
Wide Dynamic Range neurons respond to what kind of stimuli?
Noxious and non-noxious stimuli
38
"Referred Pain" of visceral organs is associate with what type of neurons?
Wide Dynamic Range neurons
39
What is "Wind-Up"?
Spinal fasciculation of pain - rapid firing of nociceptor afferents (AD and C fibers). This means CHRONIC PAIN
40
NMDA receptors are activated with?
Chronic pain and windup
41
What ions do NMDA receptors allow into the cell?
Calcium and Sodium
42
Why are patients more painful over time if chronic pain is left untreated?
Because chronic pain produces long term changes that lead to greater sensitivity
43
Does anesthesia prevent windup?
NO
44
How is windup/chronic pain prevented?
Nerve blocks and aggressive pain management
45
How is windup treated?
NMDA receptor inhibitors and acupuncture
46
What is Gate Control Theory?
Non-noxious tactile stimulation | Can help reduce perception of pain
47
Descending modulatory pathways lead to release of which neurotransmitters?
Enkephalin, Endorphin, Dynorphin, Seratonin, NE
48
Which neurotransmitter have anti-nociceptive (anti-pain) properties?
Enkephalin, endorphins, dynorphins, seratonin, NE
49
What are ways to control pain?
Modulate or prevent transduction at the nociceptor- NSAIDS Interfere with conduction to the CNS- nerve blocks, anesthesia Recruit the neuroanatomic substrate of the gate control theory- water therapy, massage, acupuncture Inhibit spinal cord sensitization- NMDA receptor inhibitor Augment descending modulatory mechanisms- opioids and a-adrenergics Reduce perception of pain- sedation
50
What modulates or prevents transduction at the | nociceptor?
NSAIDS
51
What will interfere with conduction to the CNS?
Nerve blocks and anesthesia
52
What will recruit the neuroanatomic substrate of the gate control theory?
Water therapy, massage, acupuncture
53
What will Inhibit spinal cord sensitization?
NMDA receptor inhibitors
54
What will augment descending modulatory mechanisms?
Opioids and a-adrenergics
55
What will reduce perception of pain?
Sedation
56
What stimuli provokes itch?
Pressure Temperature Electricity Chemicals- histamine
57
Why does Neuropathic pain arise?
As a result of injury to the nervous system
58
What 4 things can cause neuropathic pain?
1. Trauma 2. Vascular injury 3. Endocrinopathy- Diabetes mellitus 4. Infection
59
Hyperalgesia and allodynia are associated with what type of pain?
Neuropathic pain
60
What is dysesthesia?
A tingling sensation associated with neuropathic pain

RUSVM Anatomy II Final Exam Questions (11 decks)

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