Noise

Question 1

_____ is the vibration of air molecules

Answer 1

sound

Question 2

____ is sound pressure perceived as loudness

Answer 2

amplitude

Question 3

_____ = cycles per second (hertz) perceived as pitch

Answer 3

frequency

Question 4

What range of amplitude and frequency can you hear?

Answer 4

Amp = 0.00002-20N/m^2
Freq = 16-20,000 Hz

Question 5

How do air particles vibrate?

Answer 5

about a fixed point - go from condensation –> rarefaction - a wave of vibration spreads outward

Question 6

Sound waves enter the outer ear and travel through the ___ ____ to the ____ (aka?)

Answer 6

ear canal; eardrum (tympanic membrane)

Question 7

the eardrum vibrates and sends vibrations to three tiny bones called? What do these bones do?

Answer 7

malleus, incus, and stapes

convert sound vibrations from the air to fluid vibrations in the cochlea

Question 8

What is the elastic partition that runs from the beginning to the end of the cochlea, separating it into upper and lower parts?

Answer 8

the basilar membrane

Question 9

How do we hear - once fluid inside the cochlea ripples, a traveling wave forms along the _____ ____

Answer 9

basilar membrane

Question 10

Sensory cells in the basilar membrane move up and down, and _______ on the top bump against the overlying structure and bend - what does this bend cause?

Answer 10

stereocilia - bending causes channels to open up, allowing chemicals to rush into the cells creating an electrical signal that the auditory nerve carries to the brain.

Question 11

What determines the vibrations?

Answer 11

the shape of the cochlea

Question 12

Sounds com in different frequencies related to _____

Answer 12

pitch

Question 13

Where do you find high and low frequencies in the cochlear structure?

Answer 13

High = at base
Low = aat apex

Question 14

Sound intensity (aka?) is defined as what?

Answer 14

the sound per unit area

Question 15

what is the SI unit of sound intensity?

Answer 15

watt per square meter (W/m^2)

Question 16

Approx. how many decibels is a normal conversation?

Answer 16

60 dB

Question 17

How do we commonly express sound intensity?

Answer 17

using the decibel scale

Question 18

The decibel scale can help to determine how loud something is relative to the ___ ___ ___

Answer 18

Threshold of Hearing (TOH)

Question 19

Sounds with equal intensities may be perceived as unequal loudnesses due to what?

Answer 19

frequency differences!

Question 20

____ is used to indicate an individuals perception of loudness - what is the dB/Hz units for this?

Answer 20

Phon

1 Phon = 1 dB at 1000 Hz

Question 21

____ and ____ are used to indicate an individuals perception of loudness - which tells us HOW MUCH louder one sound is than another?

Answer 21

Phons and Sones

Sones

Question 22

Going up every ___ phons is doubling the sound when looking at the sone scale

Answer 22

10

Question 23

We are most sensitive to sounds between __ - __ Hz

Answer 23

1000-4000 Hz

Question 24

During temporary hearing loss, we lose our ability to hear between 1000-4000 Hz which is considered what zone?

Answer 24

talking zone

Question 25

Hearing threshold elevation at high frequencies = ____

Answer 25

presbycusis

Question 26

As we get older, where do we see impairment?

Answer 26

In the higher ranges

Question 27

Lose Sensitivity (neural/cochlear) - threshold shift - audible spectrum decreases to __-__ Hz

Answer 27

50-8000

Question 28

What is NIHL?

Answer 28

noise-induced hearing loss

Question 29

T/F: NIHL can be immediate or it can take a long time to be noticeable, it can be temporary or permanent and it can affect one or both ears

Answer 29

TRUE :) | Good job Ash and Em, keep up the hard work.

Question 30

Approx. __% of Americans between 20-69 have hearing loss caused by exposure to noise where?

Answer 30

15% (26 million) | Work or Leisure Activities

Question 31

__% of teens (12-19 yrs.) have reported some hearing loss caused by loud noise.

Answer 31

16%

Question 32

What causes NIHL?

Answer 32

one-time exposure to "impulse" sound or continuous exposure to loud sounds

Question 33

Long or repeated exposure to sounds at or above __ dB can cause hearing loss

Answer 33

85

Question 34

Most NIHL is caused by what kind of damage?

Answer 34

damage and eventual death of hair cells - human hair cells dont grow back

Question 35

It is recommended a 3 dBA exchange rate - what does this mean?

Answer 35

every increase by 3 dB doubles the amount of noise and halves the recommended exposure time

Question 36

What can you use sound level meters to create?

Answer 36

a sound contour map

Question 37

highest prevalence for NIHL from construction trades?

Answer 37

welder

Question 38

What job has been isolated as one of the highest problematic areas for NIHL in Canada?

Answer 38

carpentry

Question 39

The average __ year old carpenter has the ears of a __ year old person who has not been exposed to noise

Answer 39

25 | 50

Question 40

Effects and signs of NIHL?

Answer 40

- slowly start to lose hearing due to gradual damage - sounds become distorted or muffled, difficult to understand speech - might be severe enough to need hearing aids

Question 41

____ is a ringing, buzzing or roaring in the head when no external noise is present - this can be caused by NIHL

Answer 41

tinnitus

Question 42

Where is the damage in individuals with tinnitus?

Answer 42

damage or improper transmission through sensing organs or pathway to brain

Question 43

"sometimes exposure to impulse or continuous loud noise causes a temporary hearing loss that disappears 16-48 hours later"

Answer 43

temporary threshold shift (TTS) aka auditory fatigue

Question 44

How does intense noise cause damage?

Answer 44

displaces the basilar membrane to a greater extent, therefore the vibration is large = hair cell bending is more intense with considerable force

Question 45

How do hair cells recover?

Answer 45

will shift and recover with time away from noise

Question 46

How are Temporary threshold shifts (TTS) measured and when are they usually experienced?

Answer 46

2 minutes following exposure to avoid recovery usually experienced at frequencies higher than the exposure frequency, usually 4000 Hz

Question 47

What can chronic noise exposure cause?

Answer 47

Raised levels of cortisol and other stress hormones

Question 48

A weak correlation between long-term noise exposure above 67-70 dB and ______

Answer 48

hypertension

Question 49

Noise levels of 50 dB at night may increase the risk of?

Answer 49

myocardial infarction

Question 50

Roadway noise levels are sufficient to constrict arterial blood flow, leading to elevated?

Answer 50

BP

Question 51

What else has noise been associated with?

Answer 51

headaches, ulcers, fatigue and vertigo

Question 52

The vestibular system encodes ____ and ___ acceleration of the head

Answer 52

linear and rotary

Question 53

How does the vestibular system signal the brain to move the head?

Answer 53

with respect to a constant gravitational acceleration of the earth

Question 54

What three things does the vestibular system do?

Answer 54

- detects acceleration forces - maintains upright posture/balance - controls eye position relative to head

Question 55

Semicircular canals code for ____ acceleration

Answer 55

angular acceleration in 3 axes

Question 56

a ___ embedded in a jelly-like material (cupola) us supported by hair cells that bend and fire in response to head rotation

Answer 56

crista

Question 57

Vestibular sacs (utricle and saccule) code for ____ acceleration

Answer 57

linear

Question 58

How do the vestibular sacs code acceleration?

Answer 58

Linear acceleration is coded for when hair cells in jelly-like substance lag behind when head moves

Question 59

____ are involuntary movements of the eyes - these are mixtures of slow and fast movements and they can occur normally when tracking a visual pattern

Answer 59

nystagmus

Question 60

Nystagmus can also be abnormal and accompanied with _____

Answer 60

vertigo

Question 61

What are the two types of Nystagmus?

Answer 61

Spontaneous (presented spontaneously) and Positional (presented with a change in body position, specifically the neck)