Nomenclature and isomerism A2

Question 1

What is the molecular formula of an amide?

Answer 1

R-CO-NH2

Question 2

What is an amine?

Answer 2

CR3-NH2

Question 3

What is the suffix for an amide?

Answer 3

-amide

Question 4

What is the suffix and prefix for an amine?

Answer 4

Suffix: -amine
Prefix: amino-

Question 5

What is an ester?

Answer 5

R-CO-O-R

Question 6

What is the suffix for an ester?

Answer 6

-oate

Question 7

How do you name an ester?

Answer 7

End of the chain first (methyl/ethyl) then the beginning of the chain (methanoate/ethanoate).

Question 8

What is an acyl chloride?

Answer 8

R-CO-Cl

Question 9

What is the suffix for an acyl chloride?

Answer 9

-oyl Chloride

Question 10

What is an acid anhydride?

Answer 10

R-CO-O-CO-R

Question 11

What is the suffix for an acid anhydride?

Answer 11

-oic anhydride

Question 12

How do you name an acid anhydride?

Answer 12

They are symmetrical so the number of carbons before the O in the middle will form the meth/eth

Question 13

What is a nitrile?

Answer 13

R-CN

Question 14

what is the suffix for a nitrile?

Answer 14

-nitrile

Question 15

What is the suffix for an aldehyde?

Answer 15

-al

Question 16

What is the suffix for a ketone?

Answer 16

-one

Question 17

What is a stereoisomer?

Answer 17

Same structural formula, different arrangement of the bonds in space.

Question 18

When does optical isomerism occur?

Answer 18

When there are four different substituents attached to one carbon atom.

Question 19

What are 2 optical isomers?

Answer 19

Non-superimposable mirror images.

Question 20

Why are they called optical isomers?

Answer 20

Because they differ in the way they rotate plane polarised light.

Question 21

What are the two optical isomers called?

Answer 21

Enantiomers

Question 22

What is the name for the carbon atom at the centre of an optical isomer and how is it represented?

Answer 22

Chiral

C*

Question 23

What is a racemix mixture?

Answer 23

50:50 mix of two enantiomers, no light is rotated as the effect of each enantiomer is cancelled.

Question 24

What are the reactants for the first step in producing 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

Answer 24

Ethanal + HCN

Question 25

What is the mechanism for the formation of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

Answer 25

Nucleophilic addition

Question 26

What is the product of the first reaction in the formation of lactic acid?

Answer 26

2-hydroxypropanenitrile

Question 27

What is 2-hydroxypropanenitrile reacted with in the second step in producing lactic acid?

Answer 27

Water acidified with a dilute solution of HCl.

Question 28

What is the reaction of 2-hydroxypropanenitrile in the second step?

Answer 28

Hydrolysis

Question 29

What is the equation for the second stage in lactic acid production?

Answer 29

CH3-CHOH-CN + HCl + 2H2O --> CH3-CHOH-COOH + NH4Cl

Question 30

Name three ways of dealing with having one effective and one inactive enantiomer in a racemix mixture.

Answer 30

- Separate the isomers (difficult and expensive as have similar properties), - Sell the mixture as a drug, - Design an alternative synthesis that only makes the required isomer.