Non-communicable diseases Flashcards Preview

GCSE Biology Double Award 9-1 > Non-communicable diseases > Flashcards

Flashcards in Non-communicable diseases Deck (24)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

What happens in coronary heart disease?

A

layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them

this reduces blood flow through the coronary arteries resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle - this can result in a heart attack

2
Q

what are examples of treatments of coronary heart disease?

A

stents and statins

3
Q

what do stents do?

A

keeps the coronary arteries open

4
Q

What are the pros and cons of stents?

A

pros :

  • lowers the risk of a heart attack
  • effective for a long time
  • recovery time from surgery is relatively quick

cons :

  • risk of complications during the operation
  • risk of infection from surgery
  • risk of patients developing blood clot near stents (thrombosis)
5
Q

what do statins do?

A

reduces blood cholesterol ( the bad one) and slows down the rate of fatty material deposit

6
Q

What are the pros and cons of statins?

A

Pros:

  • reduces the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
  • increases the amount of beneficial type of cholesterol

Cons :

  • long term drug that must be taken regularly- the risk of someone forgetting to take them
  • can cause negative side effects: headache or serious: kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss
  • takes time for their effect to kick in
7
Q

What could faulty valves be replaced with?

A

biological or mechanical valves

8
Q

Pros and cons of biological and mechanical valves

A
  • less drastic procedure than a whole recent transplant
  • biological valves (e.g. cows or pigs) workers very well but only lasts for 12-15yrs
  • mechanical valves last for a long time but constant medication is needed to stop blood from clotting around the valve
9
Q

what could be done in the case of heart failure?

A
  • a donor heart can be transplanted
  • artificial hearts can be used to keep patients alive while waiting for a heart transplant or to allow the heart to recover
10
Q

What are the pros and cons of artificial hearts?

A

Pros :
- less likely to be rejected by the immune system as metal and plastic are not recognised as foreign

Cons :

  • surgery can lead to bleeding and infection
  • because it is mechanical, part of it could wear out and the motor fail
  • blood clots could form, leading to strokes
  • to prevent the blood from clotting, patients have to take drugs to thin their blood, which can cause problems with bleeding if they are heart in an accident
11
Q

what is good health

A

good health is a state of physical and mental wellbeing

12
Q

how is a disease caused

A

a disease is caused by part of the body not working properly this can affect physical and / or mental health

13
Q

what are the two main types of disease

A

non-communicable and communicable

14
Q

differences between communicable and non communicable disease

A

non-communicable diseases cannot be spread between organisms, but communicable disease can

15
Q

different ways diseases interact with each other

A

viruses infecting cells can be the trigger of cancers such as cervical cancer

a disease of the immune system means that an individual is more likely to catch infectious disease e.g. people with HIV are more likely to get tuberculosis

immune reactions triggered by pathogen can cause allergies, such as skin rashes and asthma

if a person is physically ill, this can lead to depression and mental health illness

poor diet, stress and difficult life situations can increase the likelihood of developing certain diseases

16
Q

what are the effects of non- communicable diseases

A

non-communicable diseases, such as HIV and diabetes can change a persons life and cost countries large sums of money

about 10 per cent of the health budget in britain is spent on people with diabetes

17
Q

typical risk factors for non-communicable diseases

A

aspects of a persons lifestyle e.g. excersise

substances in the persons body or environment like chemicals from smoking

18
Q

how can scienstists prove that risk factors were involved in the development of a disease

A

they look for causal mechanisms

19
Q

define causal maechanisms

A

a causal mechanism is the process by which a cause brings out an effect

a causal mechanism has been found that links smoking with lung cancer. it is the action of the chemicals in the tar

20
Q

outline common diseases and their proven risk factors

A

cardiovascular disease- lack of excersise/smoking/high intake of saturated fat

type 2 diabetes- obesity

liver and brain damage- excessive alchohol damage

lung diseases, including lung cancer- smoking

low birth weight in babies- smoking during pregnancy

brain damage in babies- excessive alcohol intake during pregnancy

21
Q

define cancer

A

cancer is a non communicable disease

22
Q

risk factors for cancer

A

smoking obesity common viruses and uv exposure

some genes make the carrier more suspectible to certain types of breast cancer

23
Q

how is cancer caused

A

uncontrolled cell division. this forms masses of cells called tumours

24
Q

different types of tumours

A

benign tumors do not spread around the body

malignant tumours spread, in the blood, to different parts of the body where they form secondary tumours