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FPH 12 > NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: Part 1 > Flashcards

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In chronic disease, what does chronic means?

A

Long duration

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2
Q

Chronic diseases is a result of a combination of what factors?

A

Genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral

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3
Q

Give at least 3 major causes of NCDs

A

Physical Inactivity
Alcohol Abuse
Tobacco
Unhealthy Diet

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4
Q

It is a cause of NCDs that results of unhealthy habits. Behavioral and modifiable risk factors like: smoking, alcohol abuse, and more.

A

Lifestyle

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5
Q

A cause of NCDs where it is passed from parent to child.

A

Hereditary

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6
Q

A cause do NCDs that means where you live or work.

A

Environmental

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7
Q

A group of disorders characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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8
Q

Diabetes Mellitus is defined a ___-hour fasting glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher.

A

8

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9
Q

Name the three risk factors of Type 1 DM

A

Genetic
Environment
May be acquired due to viruses and chemical toxins

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10
Q

True or False. The ff are the risk factors of type 2 DM: Family hx, Overweight, Sedentary lifestyle, HPN, HDL cholesterol <25mg/dl (0.90mmol/L) and triglyceride level >150mg/dl (2.82 mmol/L).

A

False. <35 and >250

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11
Q

Type 2 diabetes has?

A

Insulin resistance

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12
Q

Gestational Diabetes only occurs in?

A

Pregnancy

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13
Q

True or False. GD usually goes away when the baby is born.

A

True.

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14
Q

GD increases the risk of type ___ diabetes for the mother later in life.

A

2

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15
Q

4 signs and symptoms of DM.

A

Polyuria (excessive urine)
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (eats excessive)
Weight loss

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16
Q

3 tests to determine if one has DM.

A

Fasting (plasma glucose) Blood Sugar Test
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Random Blood Sugar Test

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17
Q

Ways to prevent DM.

A

Prevent obesity, encourage proper nutrition, promote exercise, and avoid smoking.

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18
Q

Sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure.

A

Hypertension

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19
Q

You could say it’s hypertension if sustained systolic BP of 1.)_____ mmHg or more and sustained DBP of 2.)_____ mmHg or more based on the measurements done during at least 2 visits take at least 1 weeks apart.

A

1.) 140
2.) 90

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20
Q

Classifications of hypertension

A

Primary/essential/idiopathic HPN
Secondary HPN

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21
Q

Give the 5 risk factors of HPN

A

Family Hx
Age
High Salt Intake
Obesity
Excessive Alcohol Intake

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22
Q

True or False. The ff are prevention of hypertension: proper nutrition, prevent obesity, smoking cessation, and identity risk factors & check ups.

A

True.

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23
Q

It is a heart disease cause by impaired coronary blood flow.

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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24
Q

Another name for coronary artery disease

A

Ischemic heart disease

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25
Q

This etiology cause of CAD usually occurs when a person has high levels of cholesterol in the blood.

A

Atherosclerosis

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26
Q

True or False. The ff are modifiable risk factors of CAD: Heredity, Gender, and Increasing age.

A

False. It’s elevated blood lipids, HPN, Smoking, DM, Obesity, Physical Inactivity, and Stress.

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27
Q

To prevent CAD:
- Regular exercise
- Proper Nutrition
- Maintain a healthy body weight
- Smoking cessation
- Early dx

A

-

28
Q

Loss or alteration of bodily functions that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some degree arts of the brain.

A

Cererrovascular Disease or Stroke

29
Q

Stroke is a leading cause of _____.

A

Disability

30
Q

Give the 3 Etiology of Stroke.

A
  1. Thrombotic Stroke
  2. Embolic Stroke
  3. Hemorrhagic Stroke
31
Q

A blood clot forms in an artery in the brain that is already narrowed by cholesterol deposits.

A

Thrombosis

32
Q

A block in artery in the brain by a piece of material like a blood clot, piece of fat, white air bubble, traveling in the blood from another body part.

A

Embolism

33
Q

An artery in the brain bursts and bleeds. This may be due to high blood pressure, head injury or a weak artery wall from birth.

A

Bleeding

34
Q

An artery in the brain is pinch by a spasm or tumor.

A

Compression

35
Q

Risk Factors of stroke:
- Increasing age
- sex
- heredity
- HPN
- smoking
- DM
- heart disease
- high RBC count
- season
- social economic factors
- excessive alcohol intake
- certain kinds of drug abuse

A

-

36
Q

Prevention of Stroke:
- control of HPN
- smoking cessation
- limit alcohol
- avoid IV drugs abuse
- prevent all other risk factors of atherosclerosis.

A

-

37
Q

Characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

A

Cancer

38
Q

What type of cancer is localized?

A

Tumor

39
Q

A mechanism that is direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues.

A

Invasion

40
Q

A mechanism that has an ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood cells, circulate through the blood stream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body.

A

Metastasis

41
Q

Type of cancer that grows locally and compressed surrounding tissues without invading them.

A

Benign

42
Q

Type of cancer that invades and infiltrates surrounding tissues.

A

Malignant

43
Q

Causes of cancer:
- Heredity
- Carcinogens: chemicals, benzopyrene, nitrosamines, radiation, and viruses

A

-

44
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- radiation exposure
- second-hand smoke

A

Lung cancer

45
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- Tobacco use
- alcohol use
- chronic irritation
- vitamin A deficiency

A

Oral cancer

46
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- poor nutrition
- alcohol
- weakened immune system
- occupational exposure to woods, dust, paint fumes
- gender: 4-5 times more common in men
- age: more than 60 years

A

Laryngeal cancer

47
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- occupational exposure: dyes, solvents
- chronic bladder inflammation

A

Bladder cancer

48
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- obesity
- diet: well-cooked meat
- occupational exposure: asbestos, organic solvents
- age: 50-70 years old

A

Renal cancer

49
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- human papillomavirus infection
- chlamydia infection
- diet: low in fruits and vegetables
- family hx

A

Cervical cancer

50
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- alcohol
- gender: 3 times more common in men
- diet: low in fruits and vegetables

A

Esophageal cancer

51
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- early menarche/late menopause
- age
- high fat diet
- obesity
- physical inactivity
- family hx
- alcohol consumption

A

Breast cancer

52
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- family hx
- high fat dies and low fiber diet
- hx of ulcerative colitis
- age: >50 years

A

Colonic cancer

53
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- urethral obstruction
- DRE, PSA

A

Prostrate cancer

54
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- certain type of viral hepatitis
- liver cirrhosis
- long-term exposure to aflatoxin

A

Liver cancer

55
Q

The cancer has the ff risk factors:
- unprotected exposure to strong sunlight
- fair complexion
- occupational exposure

A

Skin cancer

56
Q

This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- estrogen replacement therapy
- early menarche/late menopause

A

Uterine/endometrial cancer

57
Q

To prevent cancer:
- smoking cessation
- proper diet
- alcoholic beverages in moderation
- avoid obesity
- early diagnosis

A

-

58
Q

Give warning signs of breast cancer.

A

Skin changes
Nipple abnormalities
Abnormal contours

59
Q

What are the early detection of breast cancer?

A

BSE
Breast mammography

60
Q

This cancer has the ff warning signs:
- Often asymptomatic
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding

A

Cervical cancer

61
Q

How to diagnose a cervical cancer?

A

Pap smear

62
Q

This cancer has the ff warning signs:
• Symptoms of urethral outflow obstruction:
-urinary frequency
-nocturia
-decrease in stream
-post void dribbling

A

Prostrate cancer

63
Q

True or False. Prostrate cancer is diagnosed by Pap smear.

A

False. DRE and prostrate specific antigen (PSA) determination.

64
Q

This cancer has the ff warning signs:
- Change in stool
- Rectal bleeding
- Pressure on the rectum
- Abdominal pain

A

Colon rectal cancer

65
Q

This cancer has the ff early detection:
- Annual DRE starting at age
of 40
- Annual stool blood test starting at age 50
- Annual inspection of colon

A

Colon rectal cancer

66
Q

This cancer has the ff warning signs:
- Chronic cough or nagging cough
- dull intermittent, localized pain
- Hx of weight loss
- Persons with long hx of smoking &/or smoking 2 or more packs of cigarette per day

A

Lung cancer

67
Q

How can we early detect lung cancer?

A

Chest x-ray and sputum cytology

FPH 12 (1 decks)

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