NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: Part 1

Question 1

In chronic disease, what does chronic means?

Answer 1

Long duration

Question 2

Chronic diseases is a result of a combination of what factors?

Answer 2

Genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral

Question 3

Give at least 3 major causes of NCDs

Answer 3

Physical Inactivity
Alcohol Abuse
Tobacco
Unhealthy Diet

Question 4

It is a cause of NCDs that results of unhealthy habits. Behavioral and modifiable risk factors like: smoking, alcohol abuse, and more.

Answer 4

Lifestyle

Question 5

A cause of NCDs where it is passed from parent to child.

Answer 5

Hereditary

Question 6

A cause do NCDs that means where you live or work.

Answer 6

Environmental

Question 7

A group of disorders characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism.

Answer 7

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 8

Diabetes Mellitus is defined a ___-hour fasting glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher.

Answer 8

8

Question 9

Name the three risk factors of Type 1 DM

Answer 9

Genetic
Environment
May be acquired due to viruses and chemical toxins

Question 10

True or False. The ff are the risk factors of type 2 DM: Family hx, Overweight, Sedentary lifestyle, HPN, HDL cholesterol <25mg/dl (0.90mmol/L) and triglyceride level >150mg/dl (2.82 mmol/L).

Answer 10

False. <35 and >250

Question 11

Type 2 diabetes has?

Answer 11

Insulin resistance

Question 12

Gestational Diabetes only occurs in?

Answer 12

Pregnancy

Question 13

True or False. GD usually goes away when the baby is born.

Answer 13

True.

Question 14

GD increases the risk of type ___ diabetes for the mother later in life.

Answer 14

2

Question 15

4 signs and symptoms of DM.

Answer 15

Polyuria (excessive urine)
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (eats excessive)
Weight loss

Question 16

3 tests to determine if one has DM.

Answer 16

Fasting (plasma glucose) Blood Sugar Test
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Random Blood Sugar Test

Question 17

Ways to prevent DM.

Answer 17

Prevent obesity, encourage proper nutrition, promote exercise, and avoid smoking.

Question 18

Sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure.

Answer 18

Hypertension

Question 19

You could say it’s hypertension if sustained systolic BP of 1.)_____ mmHg or more and sustained DBP of 2.)_____ mmHg or more based on the measurements done during at least 2 visits take at least 1 weeks apart.

Answer 19

1.) 140
2.) 90

Question 20

Classifications of hypertension

Answer 20

Primary/essential/idiopathic HPN
Secondary HPN

Question 21

Give the 5 risk factors of HPN

Answer 21

Family Hx
Age
High Salt Intake
Obesity
Excessive Alcohol Intake

Question 22

True or False. The ff are prevention of hypertension: proper nutrition, prevent obesity, smoking cessation, and identity risk factors & check ups.

Answer 22

True.

Question 23

It is a heart disease cause by impaired coronary blood flow.

Answer 23

Coronary Artery Disease

Question 24

Another name for coronary artery disease

Answer 24

Ischemic heart disease

Question 25

This etiology cause of CAD usually occurs when a person has high levels of cholesterol in the blood.

Answer 25

Atherosclerosis

Question 26

True or False. The ff are modifiable risk factors of CAD: Heredity, Gender, and Increasing age.

Answer 26

False. It’s elevated blood lipids, HPN, Smoking, DM, Obesity, Physical Inactivity, and Stress.

Question 27

To prevent CAD: - Regular exercise - Proper Nutrition - Maintain a healthy body weight - Smoking cessation - Early dx

Answer 27

-

Question 28

Loss or alteration of bodily functions that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some degree arts of the brain.

Answer 28

Cererrovascular Disease or Stroke

Question 29

Stroke is a leading cause of _____.

Answer 29

Disability

Question 30

Give the 3 Etiology of Stroke.

Answer 30

1. Thrombotic Stroke 2. Embolic Stroke 3. Hemorrhagic Stroke

Question 31

A blood clot forms in an artery in the brain that is already narrowed by cholesterol deposits.

Answer 31

Thrombosis

Question 32

A block in artery in the brain by a piece of material like a blood clot, piece of fat, white air bubble, traveling in the blood from another body part.

Answer 32

Embolism

Question 33

An artery in the brain bursts and bleeds. This may be due to high blood pressure, head injury or a weak artery wall from birth.

Answer 33

Bleeding

Question 34

An artery in the brain is pinch by a spasm or tumor.

Answer 34

Compression

Question 35

Risk Factors of stroke: - Increasing age - sex - heredity - HPN - smoking - DM - heart disease - high RBC count - season - social economic factors - excessive alcohol intake - certain kinds of drug abuse

Answer 35

-

Question 36

Prevention of Stroke: - control of HPN - smoking cessation - limit alcohol - avoid IV drugs abuse - prevent all other risk factors of atherosclerosis.

Answer 36

-

Question 37

Characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

Answer 37

Cancer

Question 38

What type of cancer is localized?

Answer 38

Tumor

Question 39

A mechanism that is direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues.

Answer 39

Invasion

Question 40

A mechanism that has an ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood cells, circulate through the blood stream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body.

Answer 40

Metastasis

Question 41

Type of cancer that grows locally and compressed surrounding tissues without invading them.

Answer 41

Benign

Question 42

Type of cancer that invades and infiltrates surrounding tissues.

Answer 42

Malignant

Question 43

Causes of cancer: - Heredity - Carcinogens: chemicals, benzopyrene, nitrosamines, radiation, and viruses

Answer 43

-

Question 44

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - tobacco use - radiation exposure - second-hand smoke

Answer 44

Lung cancer

Question 45

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - Tobacco use - alcohol use - chronic irritation - vitamin A deficiency

Answer 45

Oral cancer

Question 46

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - tobacco use - poor nutrition - alcohol - weakened immune system - occupational exposure to woods, dust, paint fumes - gender: 4-5 times more common in men - age: more than 60 years

Answer 46

Laryngeal cancer

Question 47

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - tobacco use - occupational exposure: dyes, solvents - chronic bladder inflammation

Answer 47

Bladder cancer

Question 48

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - tobacco use - obesity - diet: well-cooked meat - occupational exposure: asbestos, organic solvents - age: 50-70 years old

Answer 48

Renal cancer

Question 49

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - tobacco use - human papillomavirus infection - chlamydia infection - diet: low in fruits and vegetables - family hx

Answer 49

Cervical cancer

Question 50

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - tobacco use - alcohol - gender: 3 times more common in men - diet: low in fruits and vegetables

Answer 50

Esophageal cancer

Question 51

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - early menarche/late menopause - age - high fat diet - obesity - physical inactivity - family hx - alcohol consumption

Answer 51

Breast cancer

Question 52

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - family hx - high fat dies and low fiber diet - hx of ulcerative colitis - age: >50 years

Answer 52

Colonic cancer

Question 53

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - urethral obstruction - DRE, PSA

Answer 53

Prostrate cancer

Question 54

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - certain type of viral hepatitis - liver cirrhosis - long-term exposure to aflatoxin

Answer 54

Liver cancer

Question 55

The cancer has the ff risk factors: - unprotected exposure to strong sunlight - fair complexion - occupational exposure

Answer 55

Skin cancer

Question 56

This cancer has the ff risk factors: - estrogen replacement therapy - early menarche/late menopause

Answer 56

Uterine/endometrial cancer

Question 57

To prevent cancer: - smoking cessation - proper diet - alcoholic beverages in moderation - avoid obesity - early diagnosis

Answer 57

-

Question 58

Give warning signs of breast cancer.

Answer 58

Skin changes Nipple abnormalities Abnormal contours

Question 59

What are the early detection of breast cancer?

Answer 59

BSE Breast mammography

Question 60

This cancer has the ff warning signs: - Often asymptomatic - Abnormal vaginal bleeding

Answer 60

Cervical cancer

Question 61

How to diagnose a cervical cancer?

Answer 61

Pap smear

Question 62

This cancer has the ff warning signs: • Symptoms of urethral outflow obstruction: -urinary frequency -nocturia -decrease in stream -post void dribbling

Answer 62

Prostrate cancer

Question 63

True or False. Prostrate cancer is diagnosed by Pap smear.

Answer 63

False. DRE and prostrate specific antigen (PSA) determination.

Question 64

This cancer has the ff warning signs: - Change in stool - Rectal bleeding - Pressure on the rectum - Abdominal pain

Answer 64

Colon rectal cancer

Question 65

This cancer has the ff early detection: - Annual DRE starting at age of 40 - Annual stool blood test starting at age 50 - Annual inspection of colon

Answer 65

Colon rectal cancer

Question 66

This cancer has the ff warning signs: - Chronic cough or nagging cough - dull intermittent, localized pain - Hx of weight loss - Persons with long hx of smoking &/or smoking 2 or more packs of cigarette per day

Answer 66

Lung cancer

Question 67

How can we early detect lung cancer?

Answer 67

Chest x-ray and sputum cytology