Non Honon Hodgkin Lymphoma Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Definition of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
A
non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a heterogenous group of malignant proliferation of lymphoid tissue (progenitor and mature B and T-cells).
2
Q
What is the typical clinical course of pediatric Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) if left untreated?
A
Very fatal
3
Q
A
4
Q
How do pediatric NHLs typically behave in comparison to adult NHLs?
A
pediatric Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are typically “high grade and aggressive” in their clinical behavior, unlike adult NHLs which often have an indolent course.
5
Q
What happens to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells in terms of dissemination?
A
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells in children “disseminate very early and run a very rapid clinical course
6
Q
What type of cells are involved in the malignant proliferation of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
A
lymphoid tissue (progenitor and mature B and T-cells).
7
Q
What percentage of lymphomas in children is accounted for by Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)?
A
60% of lymphomas in children
8
Q
What is the peak age range for incidence of NHL in children?
A
Peak incidence between 5 and 15 years
9
Q
What is the male-to-female ratio for NHL incidence?
A
Ratio of male to female is 2:1
10
Q
What percentage of NHL makes up all neoplasia in children.
A
5% of all neoplasia in children.
11
Q
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) rarely occurs before what age
A
rarely before the age of 2 years.
12
Q
A
13
Q
What is the relationship between certain viruses and the development of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)?
A
viruses like HIV can cause secondary Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a small proportion of cases.
14
Q
What genetic syndrome is mentioned as being associated with an increased risk of NHL?
A
syndrome-Bloom,
ataxia telangiectasia.
15
Q
What chromosomal translocation is specifically associated with Burkitt lymphoma (BL)?
A
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is associated with a translocation involving chromosome 8 (c-MYC oncogene) and one of the immunoglobulin gene chromosomes, typically t(8;14), or less commonly t(2;8) or t(8;22).
16
Q
What is mentioned as a co-factor in the development of Burkitt lymphoma?
A
malaria is indeed mentioned as a co-factor in the development of Burkitt lymphoma (BL), potentially by priming the lymphatic system.
17
Q
What immunodeficiency syndrome is associated with an increased risk of secondary NHL?
A
Both SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome are mentioned as immunodeficiency conditions that can increase the risk of developing secondary Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
18
Q
What is the origin of Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL) according to the text?
A
According to the text, Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL) indeed arises from immature B or T lymphocytes.
19
Q
What types of cell neoplasms are Burkitt Lymphoma (BL), Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), and Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) classified as?
A
classified as mature B or T cell neoplasms.
20
Q
What subtypes of DLBCL are mentioned in the text?
A
The text mentions two subtypes of DLBCL:
- Germinal center B-cell like
- Activated B-cell like
Additionally, it mentions a third subtype:
- Primary mediastinal B-cell
21
Q
What are the names of the 4 subtypes of major pathologic subtypes of childhood and adolescent Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) mentioned?
A
The 4 major pathologic subtypes of childhood and adolescent NHL mentioned are:
- Lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL)
- Burkitt lymphoma (BL)
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL)
Well done!
22
Q
What percentage of Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL) cases are of T-cell origin?
A
According to the text, 90% of Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL) cases are indeed of T-cell origin.
23
Q
What antigen is expressed by Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL)?
A
According to the text, Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) indeed expresses the CD30 antigen.
24
Q
-cell antigens are frequently expressed by Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)?
A
According to the text, BL and DLBCL frequently express the B-cell antigens:
- CD19
- CD20
- CD22
Well done!
25
Which NHL subtype is commonly associated with t(8,14), t(2,8), and t(8,22) translocations?
BL (Burkitt Lymphoma)
26
What cytogenetic aberrations are commonly associated with Burkitt Lymphoma (BL)?
t(8,14),
t(2,8),
t(8,22), and
13q deletion
27
What percentage of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) cases have t(8,14) translocation?
30% of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) cases have t(8,14) translocation.
28
What percentage of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) cases have t(2,5) translocation?
90% of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) cases have t(2,5) translocation.
29
What is associated with a poor prognosis in Burkitt Lymphoma (BL)?
13q deletion is indeed associated with a poor prognosis in Burkitt Lymphoma (BL).
30
What percentage of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) cases have complex translocations and aneuploid karyotype?
* Complex translocations are found in 80%
* Aneuploid karyotype is found in 80%
31
Does Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) typically have simple or multiple cytogenetic aberrations?
Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) is characterized by having multiple cytogenetic aberrations:
t(8,14), t(2,8), t(8,22), and 13q deletion.
32
Is aneuploidy common in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) karyotypes?
Aneuploidy is indeed very common in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) karyotypes - found in approximately 80% of cases.
33
What does ALCL stand for in the context of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
ALCL stands for:
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
34
Is Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) considered a slow-growing or aggressive type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) is indeed considered a highly aggressive type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, requiring immediate treatment.
35
What factors do the clinical features of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) primarily depend on?
The clinical features of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) indeed primarily depend on:
1. Pathologic subtype
2. Site of involvement
36
In which parts of the body does Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) commonly manifest, depending on if it's endemic or sporadic?
Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) commonly manifests as:
* Head and neck masses (endemic cases)
* Abdominal masses (sporadic cases)
37
Which syndrome can be caused by an intrathoracic mass in Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL)?
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL) can cause:
* Airway compression
* Superior mediastinal syndrome
due to an intrathoracic or mediastinal mass.
38
To which two sites can Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) metastasize?
Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) can metastasize to:
* Bone marrow
* Central Nervous System (CNS)
39
Next question:
Are "B-symptoms" in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) considered prognostic?
"B-symptoms" in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL):
* Present in some cases
* But NOT prognostic
40
Next question:
Does Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL) have a predilection for spreading to the bone marrow and CNS?
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL)
has a strong predilection for spreading to:
* Bone marrow
* Central Nervous System (CNS)
41
Next question:
Where is the typical location of the mass in Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL) patients?
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (LBL) typically presents with a mass located:
* Intrathoracic (within the chest cavity)
* Or mediastinal (middle of the chest)
* Specifically supradiaphragmatic (above the diaphragm)
42
Where are the masses typically located in patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)?
,
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) typically presents with:
* Abdominal masses
* Mediastinal masses
43
What percentage of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) cases present as primary cutaneous (skin) manifestation?
,
Only
* 10% of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) cases present as primary cutaneous (skin) manifestation,
Meaning 90% are systemic cases.
44
To which organs can Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) commonly disseminate (spread)?
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) can commonly disseminate (spread) to:
* Liver
* Spleen
* Lungs
* Mediastinum
45
Next question:
Is bone or CNS involvement common in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) cases?
Bone or CNS involvement is:
* Rare in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) cases
46
Next question:
Does DLBCL (Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma) often spread to the bone marrow or CNS?
,
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) rarely disseminates to:
* Bone marrow
* Central Nervous System (CNS)
47
What percentage of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) cases present as systemic disease?
* 90% of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) cases present as systemic disease,
Meaning only 10% are limited to the skin.
48
Does DLBCL (Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma) usually present at an early or advanced stage of disease?
* 70% of NHL cases (including DLBCL) typically present at an **Advanced** stage of disease.
49
Next question:
Does Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) also typically present at an early or advanced stage of disease?
* Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) usually presents at an **Advanced** stage of disease,
* And 70% of all NHL cases (including BL) present advanced, but specifically BL grows so fast it's often advanced at diagnosis.
50
Next question:
Is Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) a slow-growing or extremely fast-growing type of cancer?
Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) is indeed an:
* Extremely fast-growing
* Aggressive type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma cancer
51
Next question:
Does treatment for Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) need to be started immediately after diagnosis?
Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) requires:
* Immediate treatment after diagnosis
* Due to its extremely aggressive and fast-growing nature
52
What is the typical presentation of lymph node involvement in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)?
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) typically presents with:
* Painless
* Rapid lymph node enlargement
53
Next question:
What symptoms can occur when Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) involves the thoracic (chest) area?
Cough or dyspnoea,
respiratory obstruction
54
What is the name of the life-threatening condition caused by a large mediastinal tumor in NHL patients?
Superior Mediastinal Syndrome caused by NHL is characterized by or made up of ;
* Facial edema (swelling)
* Chemosis (eye swelling)
* Plethora (increased blood flow to skin)
* Venous engorgement (enlarged veins)
55
Next question:
What symptoms can occur when Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) involves the abdominal area?
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) abdominal involvement typically causes:
* Ascites (fluid buildup in abdomen)
* Increased abdominal girth
* Intestinal obstruction
56
What areas of the head/neck can be affected by NHL, causing specific symptoms?
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) can affect:
* Ear causing (earache, hearing loss)
* Nose causing (nasal congestion)
* Tonsils causing (tonsil enlargement)
Also known as Waldeyer ring involvement.
57
What is Waldeyer ring involvement
Waldeyer ring involvement refers to the spread of cancer (like Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma - NHL) to a ring of lymphoid tissue in the:
* Back of the nose (nasopharynx)
* Tonsils
* Base of the tongue
* Upper part of the throat
It can cause symptoms like:
* Nasal congestion
* Tonsil enlargement
* Sore throat
* Hearing loss
* Earache
58
Do NHL patients ever require urgent or emergency treatment due to their condition?
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) patients can require:
* Urgent
* Emergency treatment due to life-threatening complications such as:
+ Respiratory failure
+ Superior mediastinal syndrome
+ Severe tumor lysis syndrome
+ Spinal cord compression
59
Next question:
What are these life-threatening NHL complications called in medical terms?
(Want me to give you a hint if needed?)
These life-threatening NHL complications are called
**"Oncologic Emergencies"**
More specifically, medical literature lists them as:
1. Tumor Lysis Syndrome
2. Hypercalcemic Crisis
3. Superior Mediastinal Syndrome
4. Spinal Cord Compression
60
Cause of Tumour lysis syndrome
due to rapid cell turn over especially BL
61
St Jude staging system described by Murphy for pediatric NHL
According to St Jude staging system by Murphy:
Stage I Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by:
* Single tumor (extranodal)
* Or single anatomic area (nodal)
* Located outside of:
- Mediastinum (chest cavity)
- Abdomen
62
Next question:
What characterizes Stage II Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) according to this staging system?
According to St Jude staging system by Murphy:
Stage II Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by:
* Single tumor (extranodal) with regional nodal involvement
* OR Two or more nodal areas on the same side of the diaphragm
* OR Two single extranodal sites on the same side of the diaphragm
* OR Primary gastrointestinal tract tumor that is
*completely resectable**
63
Next question:
What characterizes Stage III Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) according to this staging system?
According to St Jude staging system by Murphy:
Stage III Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by:
* Two single tumors (extranodal) on **opposite sides** of the diaphragm
* OR Two or more nodal areas **above and below** the diaphragm
* OR All primary intrathoracic (chest cavity) tumors
* OR All extensive primary intra-abdominal disease that is **incompletely resectable**
* OR All paraspinal or epidural tumors
64
Which cytogenetic abnormality in BL is associated with poor prognosis?
13q deletion
65
What characterizes Stage IV Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) according to this staging system?
According to St Jude staging system by Murphy:
Stage IV Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by:
* Any tumor classified as Stage I, II, or III
* **Plus** initial involvement of:
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Bone Marrow
In other words, Stage IV means the cancer has spread to critical areas beyond the initial site.
66
What is one of the common presenting symptoms of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) in the face - specifically mentioned in this list?
Maxillofacial swelling is indeed a common presenting symptom of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL),
Often accompanied by:
* Tooth disalignment
* Necrosis (tissue death)
* Hemorrhage (bleeding)
66
Next question:
What type of lymph node enlargement is suspicious for NHL according to this list?
lymph node characteristics for NHL:
* Size: **Lymphadenopathies greater than 2cm**
* Location: **Not near an infectious site** (like a wound or sore)
* Pain level: **Non-painful**
* Duration: **Present for about one month**
67
What symptoms indicate Mediastinal Compression (a life-threatening NHL complication) according to this list?
the symptoms of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (a life-threatening NHL complication):
* **Shortness of breath**
* **Face and arm swelling**
* **Difficulty breathing**
* **Headache**
* **Venous distention in the neck**
* **Distended veins in the upper chest and arms**
* (Also mentioned "collar of strokes" aka swollen neck veins and raised Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP))
68
Next question:
What abdominal symptoms can be indicative of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) according to this list?
* **Hepatomegaly** (enlarged liver)
* **Splenomegaly** (enlarged spleen)
* **Abdominal mass**
**Ascitis** (fluid buildup in abdomen)
69
What is the most definitive diagnostic test for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) listed here, providing exact tissue diagnosis?
* **Tumor tissue biopsy** which includes analysis by:
- **Histology** (cell structure)
- **Flow cytometry** (cell markers)
- **Immunophenotyping** (cell surface proteins)
- **Cytogenetics** (cell DNA abnormalities)
This biopsy provides a definitive diagnosis of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) subtype.
70
What procedure is listed to check for NHL involvement in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
CNS specific test is:
* **Lumbar Puncture (LP)** for:
- CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) cell count
- Cytology (cell examination)
- Protein analysis
71
What tests are listed to evaluate Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) involvement in the bone marrow?
* **Bone marrow aspiration**
* **And biopsy**
Done in:
- At least **two different locations**
And as you mentioned, these tests can also help with:
- **Immunophenotyping** (cell surface proteins)
- **Karyotyping** (cell chromosome analysis)
- Also implied: cytogenetics
72
Next question:
What blood tests are listed to check for potential tumor lysis syndrome in NHL patients?
* **Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)** in NHL patients:
1. **CBC (Complete Blood Count)**: checks blood cell levels
2. **Electrolytes**:
- Calcium (**Ca**)
- Phosphorus (**P**)
- Potassium (**K**)
3. **Kidney function tests**:
- Uric acid
- Blood Urea Nitrogen (**BUN**)
- Creatinine
4. **Liver function test**:
- Bilirubin
These tests help detect TLS complications like kidney failure and electrolyte imbalances.
73
Exams for general staging of the disease extend .
Imaging-
- CXR,
- CT-scan,
- MRI,
- PET scan
for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) staging and diagnosis, helping doctors to:
* Visualize internal organs and lymph nodes
* Detect tumors and disease extent
* Plan appropriate treatment strategies
74
What does a Chest X-ray (CXR) help identify in patients suspected to have Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)?
Help identify;
1. **Hilar or mediastinal adenopathy** (enlarged lymph nodes in chest area)
2. **Pleural or pericardial effusions** (fluid buildup around lungs or heart)
3. **Lung parenchyma involvement** (tumor spread to lung tissue)
4. **Bulky mediastinal mass**, specifically associated with
**Primary Mediastinal Large B-cell Lymphoma**
75
What imaging test is used to evaluate Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) involvement in peripheral, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes?
* **Ultrasound**
is used to evaluate Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) involvement in:
1. **Peripheral lymph nodes** (near skin surface)
2. **Intra-abdominal lymph nodes** (inside abdominal cavity)
3. **Retroperitoneal lymph nodes** (behind peritoneum, near spine)
76
Next question:
What type of CT scan is typically used for initial staging and follow-up of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)?
* **Thoracic and abdomino-pelvic CT scan**
* Done **with and without contrast**
* Used to:
1. **Detect enlarged lymph nodes**
2. **Identify hepatosplenomegaly** (enlarged liver and spleen)
* Also used for:
1. **Initial staging** of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
2. **Assessing treatment response**
3. **Conducting follow-up care**
77
Next question:
When is an MRI typically used in the diagnosis and staging of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)?
* **MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)**
is typically used in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) diagnosis and staging:
1. **Abdominal disease** (to evaluate tumor spread in abdomen)
2. **Central Nervous System (CNS) disease** (to check for brain or spinal cord involvement)
78
Next question:
In which specific types of NHL patients is a Bone scan usually ordered?
* **Bone scan**
is usually ordered for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) patients with ;
1. **Bone pain**
2. **Elevated alkaline phosphatase levels**
3. **Both bone pain and elevated alkaline phosphatase**
79
mentioned the types of NHL associated with bone lesions:
- Acute form of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL)**
- **Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphomas**
80
What are the possible non-lymphoma causes or DD of an Abdominal mass in a child that are listed here?
Other causes or DD of Abdominal mass:
1. **Nephroblastoma** (Wilms tumor precursor)
2. **Neuroblastoma**
3. **Leukemia** (blood cancer)
4. **Metastatic cancers of Sarcoma** (spreading bone cancer)
5. **Metastatic Neuroblastoma** (spreading nerve cancer)
6. **Wilms tumour** (kidney cancer)
7. **Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)** (although listed, ALL can present similarly to lymphoma)
8. **Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)**
81
Next question:
What are the possible causes of a Facial mass listed here, besides lymphoma?
causes of Facial mass besides lymphoma:
1. **Dental tumours** (abnormal growths on teeth/jaw)
2. **Dental abscess** (infected pocket around tooth)
3. **Dentigenous cyst** (fluid-filled sac near teeth roots)
4. **Ameloblastoma** (rare tumor of jaw bone near teeth)
82
What are the main aims of treatment for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) according to this text?
aims of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) treatment:
1. **Prevent spread of the disease** (control progression)
2. **Achieve cure** (complete remission)
3. **Supportive care** for problems due to:
- **Tumor**
- **Chemotherapy** (manage side effects)
4. **Prognosticate the disease** (predict outcome and survival)
83
Next question:
What types of therapies are listed as primary treatments for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)?
primary treatment types for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL):
1. **Chemotherapy** (multi-agent drugs)
2. **Radiotherapy** (radiation therapy)
3. **Surgery** (mainly for diagnosis, not primary treatment)
4. **Immunotherapy** - **Rituximab** (anti-CD20 antibody for B-cell lymphoma)
5. **Cell Grafts** - **HSCT (Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation)**
6. **Palliative and adjuvant therapy** (symptom management and additional treatment)
84
Next question:
What are the possible non-lymphoma causes of Lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes) listed here?
Correct list of non-lymphoma causes of Lymphadenopathy:
1. **Tuberculosis** (bacterial infection)
2. **Sarcoidosis** (immune system disorder)
3. **Infectious mononucleosis** (viral infection, aka "mono")
4. **Toxoplasmosis** (parasitic infection)
85
Next question:
In what cases is Radiotherapy used as a treatment for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) according to this text?
scenarios where
**Radiotherapy** is used to treat Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL):
1. **CNS (Central Nervous System) involvement in LBL** (Lymphoblastic Lymphoma)
2. **Acute Mediastinal Syndrome** (life-threatening compression of airways/vessels)
3. **Paraplegia** (spinal cord compression causing leg paralysis)
86
What is the main goal of adjuvant/supportive treatment in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) care according to this text?
the main goal of
**Adjuvant/Supportive treatment** in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) care:
To **reduce the side effects** caused by:
1. **Tumor** itself
2. **Treatment** (like chemotherapy and radiation)
87
Next question:
What medications are listed to prevent and treat Vomiting caused by NHL treatment?
Antiemetic drugs –ondansetron .
88
What is the name of the chemotherapy regimen listed that combines four drugs to treat NHL?
CHOP stands for:
1. **C** - Cyclophosphamide
2. **H** - Hydroxydaunorubicin (also known as Doxorubicin)
3. **O** - Oncovin (also known as Vincristine)
4. **P** - Prednisolone
A common chemotherapy regimen used to treat Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL).
89
Next question:
After 2 years of being disease-free, what is the typical outcome for NHL patients according to this text?
Exactly right,
According to this text, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) patients who are:
* **Disease-free**
* For at least **2 years** from diagnosis
Are typically considered:
* **Cured**
90
Next question:
What are the two main treatment options listed for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) patients who experience a relapse?
options for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) relapse:
1. **Re-induction chemotherapy** (another round of strong chemotherapy drugs)
2. **Stem cell transplantation** (also known as Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation or HSCT)
91
Next question:
What are some long-term complications listed that can occur in NHL survivors due to treatment?
Short term complications
1. **Mucositis** (mouth sores)
2. **Infections**
3. **Cytopenias** (low blood cell counts)
4. **Electrolyte imbalance**
long-term complications:
5. **Poor nutrition**
6. **Growth retardation**
7. **Cardiac toxicity** (heart damage)
8. **Pulmonary complications** (lung damage)
9. **Thyroid disease**
10. **Gonadal toxicity with infertility** (fertility issues)
11. **Secondary solid malignancies** (new cancers)
92
Next question:
What is the overall prognosis mentioned for most forms of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)?
1. **Overall prognosis is Excellent** for most forms of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
2. **Localized disease** (cancer limited to one area) has a:
90 – 100% chance of survival**
This suggests that with timely diagnosis and treatment, most NHL patients have a very high chance of cure.
