Non infection: Developmental and acquired

Question 1

Define freemartinism

Answer 1

Co-twinning of male and female results in placental fusion (vascular anastomosis)
==> exposure of the female foetus to testosterone, anti-mullerian hormone &/ or expression of SRy gene in the male at the time when sexual differentiation is occuring (day 40)

AHM- regress female parts
T4- masculinisation

Question 2

what is the result of freemartism

Answer 2

result = hyperplasia of female repro tract with degree of masculinisation
Non pregnant heifer after a normal breeding period
External: tuft of hair from ventral vulva labia, hypoplastic mammary teats resemble those seen in normal males
Clitoris may be prominent
Internally: short vagina

Question 3

Define Cystic ovarian disease

Answer 3

Presence of 1 or more ovaries of a follicle > 2.5cm in diameter (usually) in absence of a CL
Usually larger than developing follicles
Serious cause for infertility
Affects calving intervals = 50days longer

Question 4

what are the 3 potential outcomes of cystic ovarian disease

Answer 4

1. persist for extended period of time (up to 10days- remain dominant over follicles
2. regress and can be replaced by new follicle structure that ovulates
3. Regress & can be replaced by a new follicular structure that develops into a new cyst

Question 5

what is the aetiology of cystic ovarian disease

Answer 5

Inadequate development of pre-ovulatory surge which leads to a failure to ovulate
Hypothalamic lesion or dysfunction resulting in reduced sensitivity to oestradiol during the follicular phase which leads to an inadequate LH surge

Common in postpartum period as cows progress from anoestrous to undergoing oestrous cycles

Question 6

what are the clinical signs of cystic ovarian disease

Answer 6

Anoestrosu - failure to detected oestrous
Nymphomania - persistent oestrous
Erratic oestrous behaviour - observed more frequently than expected
“sterility hum” - seen in chronic cases

Question 7

what is meant by “sterility hump” when refering to cystic ovarian disease

Answer 7

Elevation of tail head = chronic relaxation of pelvic ligaments due to chronic exposure to elevated con of oestrogen. show frequent estrus

Question 8

how do you diagnose Cystic ovarian disease

Answer 8

History of infertility/anoetrious /irregular cycles/prolonged oestrous, delayed conception
Follicles > 2.5cm

Question 9

How do you treat cystic ovarian disease

Answer 9

No treatment - spontaneous recovery (usually occurs with cases < 45days post partum
Removal of stressors
manual rupture/aspiration - risk of adhesions with rupture
induction of luterolysis if luteinisation has occured
Induction of an Lh surge independent of hypothalamus to induce ovulation of luteinisation