Non-neoplastic respiratory conditions.

Question 1

What makes up the upper respiratory system?

Answer 1

Nose, nasopharynx and larynx.

Question 2

What makes up lower respiratory system

Answer 2

Trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles and alveoli.

Question 3

What are examples of upper airways infections

Answer 3

Rhinitis, laryngitis, tonsilitis, sinusitis.

Question 4

What are the symptom of an infection in the upper airways?

Answer 4

Malaise, headache, sore throat, discharge.

Question 5

What is an example of a lower airways infection?

Answer 5

Pneumonia

Question 6

What settings can you acquire pnuemonia in?

Answer 6

Community acquired.
Hospital acquired
Aspiration pneumonia
Nectrotising pneumonia
Pneumonia in the immunocompromised host.

Question 7

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 7

Fever, rigour, SOB, pleuritic chest pain, purulent sputum, cough.

Question 8

What is the morphology of pneumonia?

Answer 8

Lobar, Multifocal, Intestinal.

Question 9

What are the organisms involved in pneumonia

Answer 9

Strep. pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza
Staph auraus.

Question 10

What are the features of hospital acquired pneumonia?

Answer 10

Contracted by a patient 49-72 hours after admittance.

Question 11

Explain aspiration pneumonia.

Answer 11

Develops after inhalation of foreign material.

Occurs in the elderly, stroke patients, dementia and anaesthetic.

Question 12

Define obstructive desease.

Answer 12

Characterised by partial or complete obstruction of any part of the lower repiratory system- ranging form trachea to terminal bronchiole.
Reduces FEV1.

Question 13

Define restrictive disease

Answer 13

Characterise by reduced expansion and decreased total lung capacity.
Reduces FCV.

Question 14

List examples of obstructive disorders

Answer 14

Asthma
COPD- emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Bronchiectasis.

Question 15

Explain COPD emphysama.

Answer 15

Irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchiole.
Mild chronic inflammation throughout airways.
Antiprotease imbalance hypothesis.

Question 16

Explain the clinical symptoms of COPD emphysema

Answer 16

Dyspoea, cough, wheezing, weight loss “point puffe”, congestive heart failure, pneumothorax.

Question 17

Explain COPD chronic bronchitis

Answer 17

Persistant cough with sputum production that lasts over 3 months.

Question 18

What are the side effects of COPD bronchitis?

Answer 18

Persistant cough with sputum.
Dyspnea
Hypercapina (CO2 retention)
Hypoxemia (low O2 in blood)
Mild cyanosis.

Question 19

Explain the morphology of asthma

Answer 19

Thick mucus plugs and airway remodelling.

Question 20

What are the symptoms of asthma.

Answer 20

Chest tightness and wheezing.
Dyspnea
Status asthmaticus
Airway flow obstruction- difficulty with exhalation.

Question 21

Explain bronchiectasis

Answer 21

Perminant obstruction of airway lumen.

Airways are dilated and inflamed.

Question 22

What are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?

Answer 22

Persistant cough, perulent sputum, haemoptysis.

Question 23

What is the aetiology of bronchiectasis?

Answer 23

Kartageners

Post infection of TB or measles.

Question 24

What are the clinical features of restrictive lung disease?

Answer 24

Dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis without wheezing.

Secondary pulmonary hypertension.

Question 25

What are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 25

Vascular disorder. | Abrupt chest pain, SOB, hypoxia, increase pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular failure.

Question 26

What is pulmonary oedema?

Answer 26

Vascular disorder. | Caused by the accumulation of fluid in the airspaces and parenchyma of the lungs.

Question 27

What is caused when haemodynamic oedema increases venous pressure?

Answer 27

Left ventricular failure.

Question 28

What is causes when haemodynamic oedema decreases oncotic pressure?

Answer 28

Nephrotic syndrome- liver failure.

Question 29

What are the clinical features of pulmonary oedema?

Answer 29

Shortness of breath Pink frothy sputum CXR findings.

Question 30

Explain pneumothorax

Answer 30

Airways expansion disorder. Air in pleural cavity. Associated with emphysema, asthma, TB and idiopathic.

Question 31

Explain atelectasis

Answer 31

Incomplete expansion of the lungs. Reduces oxygenation and predisposes infection. Reversible.

Question 32

What conditions cause type 1 hypoxia with normal or low PCO2?

Answer 32

``` Pneumonia. Pulmonary oedema Asthma PE Pulmonary fibrosis ARDS ```

Question 33

What conditions cause hypoxia with high PCO2?

Answer 33

``` Asthma COPD Reduces respiratory drive Neuromuscular disease Thoracic wall disease. ```