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M5W1 > NON-PREGNANT REPRODUCTIVE TRACT 1 > Flashcards

NON-PREGNANT REPRODUCTIVE TRACT 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

list the parts of the female reproductive tract

A
  • ovaries
  • fallopian tubes/oviducts/ovarian tubes
  • uterine horns (cornua)
  • uterus
  • cervix
  • vagina
  • vestibule
  • vulva
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2
Q

name the female gonads

A

ovaries

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3
Q

list the structures that make up the uterus

A
  • uterine horns (cornua)
  • uterine body
  • cervix
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4
Q

what is the vulval vestibule

A

the area around the vaginal orifice that is enclosed by the labia minora

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5
Q

what are the 2 phases of the estrous cycle

A
  • follicular
  • luteal
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6
Q

how do you examine the ovary in the mare and cow and what kind of information can you gain from these methods

A

transrectal palpation:
- information is subjective, based on experience

transrectal ultrasound:
- more accurate than palpation
- provides objective information

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7
Q

how do you examine the ovary in the bitch and how does the information provided compare to the large animal species

A

transabdominal ultrasound:
- provides less information compared to large animals due to size

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8
Q

what are the functions of the ovary

A
  1. ova development and release
  2. hormone production and release
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9
Q

how do the functions of the ovary affect the animal

A

hormones influence behavior and change tissue structure during cycle and pregnancy

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10
Q

describe the gross appearance of the ovary

A

oval or ellipsoid; bean shaped in equine
- species variation in shape and size
- mare > sow > cow > bitch

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11
Q

what is the average size of the ovary in the bitch, cow, sow, and mare

A

bitch: 1-2 cm
cow: 3-4 cm
sow: 5 cm
mare: up to 10 cm

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12
Q

list the 3 regions of the ovary

A
  1. hilus
  2. vascular zone
  3. parenchymal zone
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13
Q

what is the function of the hilus of the ovary

A
  • attachment site for supporting structures
  • entry of blood vessels to vascular area
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14
Q

where is the vascular zone of the ovary located

A

usually central
in the mare, vascular zone is peripheral

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15
Q

where is the parenchymal zone of the ovary located

A
  • usually peripheral
  • in the mare, parenchymal zone is central
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16
Q

what occurs in the parenchymal zone of the ovary

A
  • folliculogenesis
  • ovulation
  • ova and hormone production

parenchymal zone is the functionally active area of the ovary

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17
Q

describe the attributes of the mare ovary

A

regions of the ovary are reversed!!
- peripheral vascular zone
- central parenchymal zone - embedded in the vascular zone

  • broad hilus
  • ovary bean/kidney shaped
  • central depression/ovulation fossa
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18
Q

what is the purpose of the ovulation fossa in the mare

A

it is the site of ovulation in the mare because ovulation cannot occur thru the peripheral vascular zone

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19
Q

what happens to the squamous follicular cells during folliculogenesis

A

flattened squamous epithelial cells become cuboidal and form stratified layers - then referred to as granulosa cells

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20
Q

describe the histology of the surface epithelium of the ovary

A

flattened squamous epithelial cells

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21
Q

describe the histology of the tunica albuginea of the ovary

A

connective tissue

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22
Q

describe the histology of the cortex of the ovary

A
  • functional parenchymatous zone
  • follicles
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23
Q

describe the histology of the medulla of the ovary

A
  • vascular supply
  • nerves
  • lymphatics
  • fibroblasts
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24
Q

describe the histology of the stroma of the ovary

A

embryonal-mesenchymal-like cells which hold everything together

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25
describe the histology of the smooth muscle of the ovary
well distributed, esp. cortical stroma
26
what is every oocyte derived from
germ cells, prenatally
27
at which stage is oocyte development arrested
prophase I of meiosis
28
when does the oocyte resume development in the bitch
after ovulation - the bitch ovulates a primary oocyte
29
when does the oocyte resume development in the cow, sow, and mare
at the time of ovulation
30
# COME BACK!!!!!! what structure causes the development of the zona pellucida
primordial follicles as a product of the corona radiata
31
what is found on the surface of the zona pellucida
sperm receptors e.g. ZP3
32
what is a primordial follicle
1st stage in follicle development - primary stage of folliculogenesis
33
where are primordial follicles located
cortex of the ovary
34
# COME BACK !!!!!!!!! describe the histology of the primordial follicle
surrounded by 1 layer of quiescent pre-granulosa cells
35
what is the reserve of primordial follicles called
primordial pool
36
QUESTION ABOUT PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES FIXED IN PERINATAL
37
when will a female have her maximum amount of primordial follicles
pre puberty
38
list the factors that affect the number of primordial follicles
- species - breed - age - nutrition status (including fetal/neonatal stages)
39
describe the histology of a primary follicle
oocyte surrounded by 1 layer of flattened granulosa cells which are starting to become cuboidal follicle surrounded by interstitial tissue
40
what occurs at the primary follicle stage
onset of follicular growth which may lead to ovulation **follicle can ONLY continue to grow after this point**
41
describe the histology of the secondary follicle
- granulosa cells are now cuboidal - basement membrane is apparent - theca interna (innermost to granulosa cells and have LH receptors) and theca externa proliferation - if no fluid = PREantral
42
describe the histology of the tertiary follicle
- antrum (fluid filled area in the middle of the follicle - fluid is the filtrate of thecal blood) formation - granulosa and theca layers proliferate
43
what is the driving factor of growth for the tertiary follicle stage
- **driven by FSH** - growth is gonadotropin dependent - FSH acts on follicles and stimulates the release of estradiol from granulosa cells
44
as tertiary follicles grow, what else occurs (?? wording??)
estradiol increases with increasing follicle size
45
# check over this and figure out how to reword in the tertiary follicle, what structure with which (junction?) keeps the oocyte in place
cumulus oophorus (cumulus GC - granulosa cells???) gap junctions
46
list the other names for the tertiary follicle
- vesicular follicle - antral follicle
47
list the other names for the preovulatory follicle
- dominant follicle - Graafian follicle (Reigner de Graaf)
48
describe the appearance and location of the preovulatory follicle
- follicle is very enlarged - protruding from the ovary surface
49
what is ovulation
the release of the oocyte from the follicle
50
where does ovulation occur
in the bitch, sow, and cow: - randomly on the surface of the ovary - except the hilus in the mare: - from the ovulation fossa
51
what triggers ovulation
hormones: - GnRH/LH surge - surge induced by estradiol
52
describe the process of the follicle rupture
formation of the stigma (blister-like area) on the ovarian surface directly above the follicle - stigma ????????
53
what is an atretic follicle
a follicle which has not been selected as the dominant follicle and has been degenerated
54
what percentage of follicles go through atresia
more than 99%
55
define atresia
- death of ovary via degeneration and resorption of follicles and their ova prior to the maturation and release of the ova in ovulation - apoptotic process via BAX gene (apoptotic activator)
56
when are most follicles lost to atresia
in the early antral stage of development when they are dependent on gonadotropins (FSH)
57
cellular changes in early atresia
a few necrotic granulosa cells
58
cellular changes in late atresia
- degeneration of the granulosa cell layer - oocyte shrinkage - pyknotic nuclei - possibly, Call-Exner bodies
59
what are Call-Exner bodies
feature of granulosa cell tumors this is an **ABNORMAL** finding
60
what occurs in the ovary, post-ovulation
- the cavity left by the follicle fills with blood and lymph - forms a corpus hermorrhagicum
61
what is the corpus hemorrhagicum
temporary structure formed immediately after ovulation in the ruptured follicle, fills with blood and lymph
62
what shape is the corpus hemorrhagicum in the cow and mare
cow: spherical mare: cone/pear shaped
63
how can you visualize the corpus hemorrhagicum
visible on ultrasound, not palpable
64
what is the corpus luteum (CL)
solid, yellow, transient structure that is formed by proliferating granulosa and theca interna cells after follicle rupture and corpus hemorrhagicum formation - may contain central fluid filled lacuna (40-50%)
65
what is the function of the CL
produce progesterone which causes behavioral changes and physical changes to the tract
66
how can you visualize the CL
U/S; appears echogenic - if lacuna is present, it will appear anechoic in the middle of the echogenic CL
67
how do the granulosa and theca cells change from the follicular phase to the luteal phase
- phenotype switch from follicular to luteal granulosa and theca cells - large (granulosa lutein) and small (theca lutein) luteal cells evident - progesterone is produced
68
which intra and extraovarian factors play a role in CL development
extraovarian: - primarily LH - GH - prolactin intraovarian: - VEGF - FGFs - IGFs
69
what controls luteolysis
- PGF-2a from uterine endometrium - oxytocin in monestrous species, CL regresses naturally/passively - ???? is this right????
70
characteristics of the cow CL
approx. 2.5 cm in diameter projects beyond the surface of the ovary creates ovulation papilla - the gap left from the oocyte after rupture palpable
71
characteristics of the mare CL
contained within the ovary - bc the follicle is contained in the central parenchyma not palpable U/S required for identification
72
what causes the onset of the next cycle in polyestrous species (cow, mare, sow)
- Prostaglandin (PGF-2a) produced and released from the uterus - PGF-2a then lyses the CL - it remains as the corpus albicans (non-functional, white scar tissue) - new wave of follicles develops - new follicles and CL are present at the same time
73
what causes the onset of the next cycle in monestrous species (bitch)
- CL regresses naturally; no prostaglandin is released - anestrus begins - follicles and CL not present at the same time
74
what happens in the tract during seasonal anestrus
- ovaries are small - contents non-functional - mare, bitch
75
what happens in the tract during post-partum anestrus
- short duration - waves of developing follicles - cow
76
in the cow, what happens in the tract during a prolonged period of anestrus
- uterus returns to normal after parturition - when prolonged, follicular/luteal cysts are > 2 cm in diameter - they are active, large, fluid-filled structures which produce progesterone and prevent estrus

M5W1 (2 decks)

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