Non Verbal Communication

Question 1

NVC is Central re Emotional Contagion 1

Answer 1

Transference of an emotion from one animal to

another or from group to group

Question 2

NVC is Central re Emotional Contagion 2

Answer 2

Expressed through facial expressions, body

language, vocalizations, behaviour or words

Question 3

NVC is Central re Emotional Contagion 3

Answer 3

Humans are primed to “catch” others’ emotions

Question 4

NVC is Central re Emotional Contagion 4

Answer 4

Automatic

Question 5

NVC is Central re Emotional Contagion 5

Answer 5

Adaptive?

Question 6

NVC is Central re Emotional Contagion 6

Answer 6

Biologically underpinned by mirror neurons

Question 7

NVC is Central re Emotional Contagion 7

Answer 7

Special class of brain cell that fires when we act but
also when we observe that act

Question 8

NVC is Central re Emotional Contagion 8

Answer 8

Understanding others is not just cognitive but also
underpinned by a hard-wired drive to simulate
feelings

Question 9

% of communication thats NVC

Answer 9

93%

Question 10

Functions of NVC

Answer 10

Conveys info
Accentuates info
Contradiction
Regulates Conversation

Question 11

kinesics

Answer 11

the study of body movements, gestures,

facial expression i.e. everything non-vocal

Question 12

. Paralinguistic features

Answer 12

the non-lexical elements of
speech i.e. inflection, pitch, rate, volume, silence,
pronunciation, articulation etc.

Question 13

Oculesics

Answer 13

the study of gaze related communication

Question 14

Olfactics

Answer 14

the role of odour and smell

Question 15

Proxemics

Answer 15

the spaces between people

Question 16

Oculesics – Eyes as a clue to perception

Answer 16

1. Eyes give us lots of different information
2. Very young children ‘gaze track’
3. As adults we find it hard to resist doing this

Question 17

Darwin - 1872 1

Answer 17

The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals

Question 18

Darwin - 1872 2

Answer 18

Argued that facial expression are biologically

determined / product of evolution

Question 19

Darwin - 1872 3

Answer 19

A state of mind causes ‘muscular discharge’
(e.g. sets of facial muscle contractions) and
these express that state of mind

Question 20

Darwin - 1872 4

Answer 20

Some expressions are true instinctual reflexes and

others result from learned association / habit

Question 21

Darwin - 1872 5

Answer 21

Functional adaptations?

Question 22

Darwin - 1872 6

Answer 22

Universal in that all peoples express to some

extent

Question 23

Darwin - 1872 7

Answer 23

Widespread - Not just about humans

Question 24

Ekman, Friesen, & Ellsworth (1972)

Answer 24

1. Cross cultural work with photos of
facial emotions
2. Challenged Mead’s claim that the meaning of facial
expressions were determined by culture
3. Claimed to find ‘universality’ on the expression of
six ‘basic’ emotions
4. Developed the Facial Action Coding
System (FACS)

Question 25

Ekman’s 6 basic emotions

Answer 25

Happiness Sadness Fear Anger Disgust Surprise (later added contempt)

Question 26

Ekman et al (various work)

Answer 26

Micro-Expressions - brief, involuntary facial expressions that show on the face according to the emotions someone is experiencing.

Question 27

Haptics

Answer 27

1. Something as basic as a greeting can speak volumes 2. Haptics are significantly shaped by culture 3. Haptics shaped by status

Question 28

Haptic Categories – Heslin, 1974

Answer 28

a) Functional / professional touching b) Social / polite touching c) Friendship / warmth touching d) Love / intimacy touching e) Sex / arousal touching

Question 29

The Role of Nature

Answer 29

1. Darwin / Ekman points about universality 2. Animal studies 3. Developmental sequence – using & comprehending

Question 30

The Role of Nurture

Answer 30

1. All aspects of NVC mediated by social factors – type of relationship, roles involved, authority & power, familiarity etc. 2. Relationship displays, roles etc. all moderated by structural factors

Question 31

Ekman & O'Sullivan (1991) | - lie detection

Answer 31

1. Only Secret Service agents were able to detect liars at a rate that statistically exceeded chance 2. How? - NVC – Especially micro expressions, some just micro seconds in length 3. People can be taught to detect and read these but a lengthy process

Question 32

Feldman, 1999

Answer 32

1. Older adolescents better liars than younger ones 2. Younger or older females were better liars than their male counterparts 3. Most talented liars had higher levels of social competence 4. Poorer social skills were correlated with lower ability to control NVC