Non Verbal Midterm Flashcards
(26 cards)
Explain the complexity of nonverbal communication and how it is related to the transactional model of communication
Nonverbal communication can directly relate to the transactional model of communication in that there are messages that are encoded (sent) and decoded (received)
Describe the brain processing and awareness of nonverbal cues
Nonverbal messages may be processed in either brain hemisphere even though most of it is processed on the right side. Much of what is processed by the right side of the brain is nonverbal phenomena and much of what is processed by the left side of the brain is verbal phenomena
Understand the classification of nonverbal cues and relative research
The communication environment
Physical environment- nonhuman factors that could affect/influence communication (e.g. furniture, architecture, colors, temperature, noises/music, etc)
Spatial environment- the study of proxemics and the physical relationship/distance between people and how that can affect communication
The communicators’ physical characteristics
Relatively unchangeable physical characteristics of a person during an interaction (e.g. body shape, height, hair, odors, clothes, accessories, etc)
Body movement and position
Dynamic body movement and positioning that can affect communication
Gestures
Posture
Touching behavior
Facial expressions
Eye behavior
Vocal behavior
Explain how verbal and nonverbal communication interrelate
Verbal and nonverbal communication are often connected and overlap. It is impossible to completely disconnect verbal and nonverbal communication. Both can be ambiguous and convey multiple meanings.
Be able to describe the nature vs. nurture debate and be familiar with some of the research on both sides including that surrounding blind/deaf individuals, infants, and twin studies
Some argue that nonverbals are inherited at birth (nature) while others believe that nonverbals are learned over time (nurture)
blind/deaf children are not able to learn nonverbals through visual or auditory cues
These children expressed signs of laughing, crying, smiling, surprise, anger, etc. similarly to sighted/hearing children
Identify the eyebrow flash and what it means
Eyebrow flash is the rapid raising of eyebrows for about one-sixth of a second
Often seen as a friendly greeting behavior but can also mean approval, agreeance, confirmation, flirting, thanking, or ending a statement
Describe how we develop nonverbal skills and the role training can or does play in improving our skills
Development can be found in our everyday experiences which are seen as forms of training. These can be seen in 3 main parts of our lives.
mothers/parents can judge their children’s non-verbal cues
Training in keyboards music has produced improvements in the ability to decode the meanings of vocal expressions
Traveling outside of one’s own country
Identify if we can improve our nonverbal skills with training and why improving nonverbal skills is beneficial
You can train and get better but they cannot all of a sudden be super skilled in it but training and exposure helps for improvement
Explain encoding and decoding and examples of each (i.e. thin-slicing and the research surrounding it)
Encoding: sending non-verbals cues
Facial encoding includes emotions and facial expressions or saying something with a specific tone of voice which could be decoded as sad, angry or disappointed etc…
Decoding: Receiving non-verbal cues
The PONS test (the short videos of the girl talking/moving her hands and feet) showed us our own decoding abilities.
To decode is to calculate the situation or try to see what the other person is sharing through their emotions and non-verbals.
Thin Slicing: Taking a quick 10 seconds snippet of something and decoding what it means.
“5 seconds is as accurate as 5 minutes”
Ex: sexual orientation, telephone operator performance, marriage success (as seen in example video we watched in class)
Describe what interpersonal sensitivity is and why it is considered tacit knowledge (lecture)
Interpersonal Sensitivity: perceiving others accurately and engaging in interpersonally appropriate behavior.
Tacit Knowledge: processing behaviors
Interpersonal Sensitivity is considered tacit knowledge because it is presumed that if you know how to accurately perceive those around you and you can engage in their behaviors you are able to in return know how to process their behaviors and understand them.
Identify gender differences in encoding and decoding nonverbal cues (lecture)
More times than not women score higher than men on testing non-verbal cues. Women also score higher on the tonic test and are known to remember the appearance and nonverbal cues than men.
Females are able to read more non verbal cues than men are.
Describe and identify factors that influence encoding and decoding of nonverbal cues and some research examples
· Describe the 5 (+ intentionality) recommendations for interpreting nonverbal communication
Find out about the participants—age, sex, position or status, relationship to each other, previous history, and the like.
Find out about the setting of the interaction—kind of environment, relation- ship of the participants to the environment, and expected behavior in that environment.
Find out about the purposes of the interaction—what are people’s stated as well as hidden goals, compatibility of goals, and so on.
Find out about the social behavior—who does what to or with whom, form of the behavior, its intensity, who initiates it, apparent objective of the behavior, effect on the other interactants, and so on.
Find out about the frequency and duration of such behavior—when it occurs, how long it lasts, whether it recurs, frequency of recurrence, and how typical such behavior is in the situation.
Describe the functions of gestures and the difference between speech dependent and speech independent gestures
Speech Independent:
Emblems
non verbal translation or dictionary definition.
EX: a thumbs up
Speech dependent
What to referent (what your referencing)
Indicate relationship + visual punctuation
The gestures cannot stand alone. You have to say the words with it to understand.
Describe and identify types of speech independent gestures and examples Explain the role culture plays in gestures – be familiar with some differences in meaning across cultures for particular gestures
Palm movements (up and down)
Describe and identify the four types of speech-related gestures and examples
Posture
Preference (liking versus disliking)
Orientation (closed or open)
Attention (direct or indirect)
Positivity
Status relationships
Gait
Pride, happiness, anger, and sadness
walked with longer strides
Exhibited more exaggerated foot pounding
Depressed
Decreased stride length
Decreased coordination of arms in movement
Matching
Mimic behaviors of the people they interact with
Chameleon effect
Nonconscious mimicry, affiliation, Nonconscious mimicry
Motor Mimicry
Mirroring
Meshing
Initiation, termination, speed, or direction
Describe facial primacy and how it relates to nonverbal communication
We look at the face first, it is where we think they display the most of their emotion.
Facial Primacy: The tendency to give more weight to the face than to other communication channels, may stem in part from these facial stereotypes.
It relates to nonverbal communication because people make personality attributions based on facial expressions
Explain display rules and the 5 different types with examples
Display Rules: Govern the ways people manage and express their emotions and vary according to the individual’s social situation
5 Different Types:
Over Intensification: Exaggerating your emotion to appear as though you are experiencing it more intensely than you are
De Intensification: Downplaying an emotion to appear as though you are experiencing it less intensely than you are
Simulation: Acting as though you are feeling an emotion that you actually aren’t experiencing
Neutralizing: acting as though you are indifferent or emotionless when experiencing an emotion
Masking: expressing one emotion when you are actually experiencing a completely different one
What is a Duchenne smile and how can you identify it from a fake smile?
A Duchenne smile is the one that reaches your eyes, making the corners wrinkle up with crow’s feet. It’s the smile most of us recognize as the most authentic expression of happiness.
The key difference between this “real” happy smile and a “fake” happy smile lies in the orbicularis oculi – muscles that wrap around the eyes. All smiling involves contraction of the zygomatic major muscles, which lifts the corners of the mouth.
Describe and be able to identify the 6 facial expression styles
The Withholder: This face inhibits expressions of actual feeling states. There is little facial movement.
The Revealer: Opposite of the witholder; wears their emotions and feelings on their face; leaves little doubt how the person feels, continually
The Unwitting Expressor: Limited number of facial expressions that a person thought was masked; these people ask, “How did you know I was angry?”
The Blanked Expressor: The person is convinced an emotion is being portrayed but other see only a blank face
The Substitute Expressor: Shows an emotion other than the one the person thinks is being displayed
The Frozen-Affect Expressor: Part of an emotional display at all times; Some people are born with a down turned mouth associated with sadness and others experience an emotion that traces the emotional display that is permanently etched into the face
Explain emotion work with examples (lecture)
Emotion Work: Displaying/Feeling
Examples: Nurses, Firefighters, Doctors, Veterinarians, Flight Attendants, Customer Service
Describe Face-ism and some of the research findings on gender and race
Face-ism = ↓ Power
Racial Face-ism (powerpoint)
Magazine pictures, American portrait paintings, American stamps
Depictions of a discriminated-against minority have less face depicted than those of a dominant majority (powerpoint)
Less face, more body, in visual displays of Blacks than in those of Whites (Powerpoint)
Portraits and the stamps showed the effect only when created by Whites (powerpoint)
Describe and identify the characteristic facial actions of the 6 basic emotions
Six Basic Emotions: Sadness, Happiness, Fear, Anger, Surprise and Disgust.
Pages 279-284 in the Textbook gives examples
