Norden - Visual

Question 1

The four main central targets for retinal cell ganglia axons are ?

Answer 1

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Superior colliculus

Pretectum

Hypothalamus

Question 2

Why do retinal ganglion cells synapse in the hippocampus?

Answer 2

Circadian rythms

Question 3

Each LGN processes information from where?

Answer 3

The contralateral visual hemifield of vision

Question 4

The lateral geniculate gets its blood from ?

Answer 4

Anterior choroidal (Internal carotid)

Posterior cerebral A. (Basilar artery)

Question 5

The geniculo calcarine tract (aka optic radiations) project where?

Answer 5

They go from LGN to area 17

Question 6

Axons coming out of the medial part of the LGN go to what part of the calcarine cortex?

Answer 6

Cuneus gyrus

Question 7

Axons coming out of the lateral portion of the LGN travel in Meyer’s Loop to where?

Answer 7

Lingual gyrus of the calcarine cortex

Question 8

The optic radiations represent the _____ ____ of vision

Answer 8

Contralateral hemifield

Question 9

Other higher-order visual cortical areas in occipital, temporal and parietal lobes

Answer 9

Extrastriate visual field

Question 10

Identifying “what” an object is requires projects to extrastriate visual areas of ____

Answer 10

Occipital and temporal lobe

Question 11

Identifying “ where “ an object is involves projections to extrastriate areas in the ++___+__I_)*(

Answer 11

Occipital and parietal lobes

Question 12

The superior colliculus sends visual information where?

Answer 12

Thalamus
Pons (to send to cerebellum)
Cervical spinal cord (to turn head)
CN III, IV, VI
Reticular formation (for arousal
Cortex

Question 13

Plays a role in orienting to moving stimuli and in directing gaze

Answer 13

Superior colliculus

Question 14

Describe the pathway in which the superior colliculus sends axons to the cortex?

Answer 14

The superior colliculus projects to the thalamus, a subdivision of the pulvinar to be specific, which then projects to extrastriate visual cortex

Question 15

RGC’s projecting to the pretectum is part of the pathway that mediates the ______

Answer 15

Pupillary light reflex

Question 16

What type of RGC’s project to the hypothalamus

Answer 16

RGC’s that are specific for ambient light. They do not otherwise have an effect in vision.

Question 17

Where in the hypothalamus do ambient light -sensing RGC’s specifically project?

Answer 17

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 18

The inability to match a face with an identity (occurs due to higher order visual area damage bilaterally)

Answer 18

Prosopagnosia

Question 19

How can you check an eye?

Answer 19

Look at visual reflexes, eye movements, fundus, changes in vision

Question 20

The only place in the body where blood vessels and CNS tissue can be observed directly

Answer 20

The fundus

Question 21

The fovea is ___ mm lateral to the optic disk

Answer 21

3.5

Question 22

The optic disc is ____ in diameter

Answer 22

1.5mm

Question 23

Papilledema indicates what?

Answer 23

Increased intracranial pressure

Question 24

What does increased cranial pressure do in papilledema

Answer 24

Increased cranial pressure causes the subarachnoid space to impinge on the retinal veins, causing nerve head to be congested.

Also impinges on the axo-plasmic transport of RGC axons in the optic nerve

Question 25

Optic neuritis is a common presenting sign in ?

Answer 25

Multiple sclerosis

Question 26

Relative afferent pupillary defect

Answer 26

Marcus Gunn pupil

Question 27

Can be caused by optic nerve inflammation. Stimulation of the affected eye has a more sluggish direct response relative to the direct response of the unaffected eye.

Answer 27

Marcus Gunn Pupil | Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD_

Question 28

Signs of Shaken baby syndrome

Answer 28

Ecchymosis on the sternum Retinal hemorrhage Papilledema Retinal detachment Decreased responsiveness

Question 29

Long term consequences if infants survive shaken baby syndrome

Answer 29

Diffuse axonal injury Blindness Epilepsy’ Intellectual impairment

Question 30

A separation of the brain at the junction of the pons and medulla

Answer 30

Brainstem avulsion.

Question 31

Loss of an entire 1/2 field of vision

Answer 31

Homonymous hemianopsias

Question 32

Lesions central (caudal) to the optic chiasms cause?

Answer 32

Homonymous hemianopsias

Question 33

Nasal retinal fibers project

Answer 33

Contralaterally after the chiasm

Question 34

Superior retinal quadrants (inferior visual fields) project to the _____ part of the lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 34

Medial

Question 35

The inferior retinal quadrants (the superior visual quadrants) projects to the ____ part of the lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 35

Lateral

Question 36

The lower retinal fields project :

Answer 36

To the lateral portion of the LGN and then to the lingual gyrus

Question 37

What part of the calcarine cortex does the macula project to ?

Answer 37

The posterior 1/3

Question 38

What part of the LGN does the macular retina project to ?

Answer 38

Central

Question 39

In visual field loss from unilateral lesions posterior to the chiasm, defects are homonymous and respect ?

Answer 39

The vertical meridian

Question 40

The LGN is located where?

Answer 40

Lateral and posterior in the thalamus

Question 41

In the thalamus, the _____- is dorsal to both the LGN and the MGN

Answer 41

Pulvinar

Question 42

The LGN is supplied by the?

Answer 42

Anterior choroidal artery Branches of posterior cerebral A.

Question 43

Where do the two divisions of the geniculo-calcarine pathway (optic radiations) reconnect?

Answer 43

In the internal capsule

Question 44

The subdivisions of the of geniculo-calcarine tract are supplied by?

Answer 44

Branches of the MCA and PCA

Question 45

Located dorsally in the thalamus Relays visual information to the extrastriate visual cortex Receives its major visual input from the superior colliculus

Answer 45

Pulvinar