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Kidney > Normal Anatomy > Flashcards

Normal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What do the kidneys filter?

A

Blood

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2
Q

What do kidneys make?

A

Urine

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3
Q

How many kidneys do we have?

A

2

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4
Q

Each kidney is as big as

A

Your fist

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5
Q

How long are ureters?

A

25 cm in length

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6
Q

What carries urine from your kidneys to your bladder?

A

Ureters

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7
Q

Where is the ureters located?

A

In the retroperitoneal cavity

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8
Q

Renal pelvis lies within

A

The hilum of the kidney

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9
Q

The ureter courses along the

A

Lateral wall of the pelvis

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10
Q

Ueteropelvic junction UPJ

A

Area that connects the renal pelvis (part of the kidney) to one of the tubes (ureters) that move urine to the bladder

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11
Q

Utererovesicle junction UVJ

A

The site of entry of the ureter into the bladder

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12
Q

Bladder

A

Large muscular bag

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13
Q

The urinate bladder has a

A

Posterior and lateral openings (for ureters and anterior openings for the urethra)

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14
Q

Urinary bladder is lined with

A

Highly elastic transitional epithelium

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15
Q

When the bladder is full it is

A

Smooth and stretched

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16
Q

When the bladder is empty it is

A

A series of folds

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17
Q

how much of urine can the bladder hold?

A

2 cups of urine

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18
Q

urethra

A

this tube carries urine from the bladder out of your body

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19
Q

where does the urethra end

A

it ends in an opening to the outside of your body in the penis (in men) or in front of the vagina (in women)

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20
Q

what is the function of the kidneys

A

to excrete urine

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21
Q

what do the kidneys clean?

A

clean toxins and waste out of the body

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22
Q

how much blood does the kidneys filter

A

about half a cup of blood every minute

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23
Q

blood flows into your kidney through a

A

large blood vessel called renal artery

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24
Q

tiny blood vessels in the kidney

A

filter the blood

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25
Q

the substance your body needs flow through

A

the renal vein and return to your bloodstream

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26
Q

urine travels through

A

tubes of muscle called ureters to your bladder

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27
Q

your bladder stores urine until

A

you release it through urination

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28
Q

homeostasis

A

helps the body maintain a stable internal environment

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29
Q

kidneys are one of the

A

major homeostatic organs of the body

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30
Q

kidneys control

A

water pH, secrete erythropoietin and activate vitamin D production in the skin

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31
Q

kidneys are composed of three section

A
  • the outer (renal) cortex
  • the hollow inner (renal) pelvis
  • the (renal) medulla (middle part)
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32
Q

the cortex

A

is where the blood is filtered

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33
Q

the medulla

A

contains the collecting ducts which carry filtrate (filtered substances) to the pelvis

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34
Q

Medullary pyramids are

A

separated by bands of intervening parenchyma that extend toward the renal sinus

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35
Q

the pelvis

A

is a hollow cavity where urine accumulates and drains into the water

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36
Q

the filtering units of the kidneys are

A

the nephrons

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37
Q

how many nephrons are in each kidney

A

one million

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38
Q

where are the nephrons located

A

within the cortex and medulla of each kidney

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39
Q

what are the 4 tasks nephrons perform

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
  • excretion
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40
Q

each nephron consists of what parts

A
  • glomerulus
  • bowmans capsule
  • loop of Henle
  • afferent arteriole
  • efferent arteriole
  • collecting duct
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41
Q

the nephrons are in the

A

renal parenchyma

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42
Q

what are nephrons two main structures

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • renal tubule
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43
Q

nephrons filter

A

the blood and produce urine

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44
Q

where is blood filtered

A

in the renal corpuscle

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45
Q

where does the filtered fluid pass through

A

renal tubule

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46
Q

as the filtrate moves through the tubule

A

substances needed by the body are returned to the blood via efferent arteriole

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47
Q

waste products access

A

water and other substances not needed by the body pass into the collecting duct as urine

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48
Q

dirty blood comes in from

A

the renal artery and moves to the afferent arteriole

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49
Q

blood then travels into the

A

glomerulus where filtration occurs (renal corpuscle)

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50
Q

clean blood exits via

A

efferent arterioles and flows into the renal vein to go back into the bloodstream

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51
Q

other blood wastes that the body doesnt need

A

continue to become urine (through the renal tubules)

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52
Q

renal corpuscle contains

A

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

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53
Q

were does filtration happen

A

within the renal corpuscle

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54
Q

what are the structures within the renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerulus
    -renal capsule
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55
Q

glomerulus

A

a little knot of capillaries

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56
Q

renal capsule (bowman’s capsule)

A

wraps around the glomerulus

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57
Q

the fluid that has been filtered out out of the blood is called

A

filtrate

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58
Q

the renal corpuscle is the

A

first part of the nephron and serves as the bridge between the vasculature and urinary system

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59
Q

renal tubule contains

A

proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct

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60
Q

after the renal corpuscle filters the blood where does it get sent to

A

sends the filtrate to the renal tubule, the second part of the nephron

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61
Q

the filtrate that is caught in Bowman’s capsule is then

A

funneled into the renal tunule

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61
Q

the filtrate that is caught in Bowman’s capsule is then

A

funneled into the renal tubule

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62
Q

what are the four main regions that make up renal tubule

A
  • proximal convoluted
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct
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63
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

this part of the tubule comes directly off Bowman’s capsule

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64
Q

loop of Henle

A

the proximal convoluted tubule leads into the loop of Henle

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65
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

the loop of Henle leads into the distal convoluted tubule

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66
Q

the glomerulus filters

A

water and small solutes out of the bloodstream

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67
Q

the resulting filtrate contains

A

waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids and smaller proteins

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68
Q

the needed substances and some water are

A

reabsorbed through the tube wall into the efferent arteriole and into the bloodstream

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69
Q

when the unneeded waste (or filtrate)

A

it flows into a duct in the nephron called renal tubule

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70
Q

this reabsorption of vital nutrients

A

from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation

71
Q

waste ions and hydrogen ions secreted from

A

the blood complete the formation of urine

72
Q

the filtrate absorbed in the

A

glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients and water are resorbed into the capillaries

73
Q

the secreted ions combine with

A

the remaining filtrate and become urine

74
Q

where does urine flow out of

A

the nephron tubule into a collecting duct

75
Q

urine passes through the

A

renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder

76
Q

the glomerulus

A

an area of thin-walled capillaries

77
Q

the Bowman’s capsule

A

is a double-walled, cup-shaped structure

78
Q

the proximal tubule

A

leads from the Bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle

79
Q

the loop of Henle

A

is a long loop which extends into the medulla

80
Q

the distal tubule

A

connects the loop of Henle to the collecting duct

81
Q

what cellular waste does the kidneys excrete

A
  • urea
  • uric acid
  • creatinine
82
Q

urea

A

a nitrogenous waste produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein.

83
Q

what is the main component of urine

A

urea

84
Q

uric acid

A

usually produced from breakdown of DNA or RNA

85
Q

creatinine

A

waste product of muscle action

86
Q

since the kidneys control what leaves and what remains in the nephrons,

A

they maintain the levels of water, ions, and other materials nearly constant and within the limits to maintain homeostasis

87
Q

what supplies the kidney

A

the main renal artery

88
Q

when a person is resting how much blood is pumped to the kidneys

A

approximately 1.2 liters of blood per minute

89
Q

the renal arteries are

A

lateral branches of the aorta that are located just inferior to the SMA

90
Q

the renal artery breaks down

A

into smaller segmental arteries, the interlobar arteries and finally into tiny arcuate arteries

91
Q

the renal artery breaks down into

A
  • segmental arteries
  • interlobar arteries
  • arcuate arteries
92
Q

how many veins join to form the renal vein

A

5 to 6

93
Q

renal vein emerges

A

from the renal hilum anterior to the renal artery

94
Q

the left renal vein course

A

transversely across the body going anterior to the aorta and posterior to the SMA

95
Q

urinalysis

A

essential to detect urinary tract disorders

96
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

97
Q

pyuria

A

pus in urine

98
Q

serum creatinine

A

a serum creatinine blood test measures the amount of creatinine in your blood

99
Q

if your kidneys are not working like they should

A

your serum creatinine level goes up

100
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

this test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood

101
Q

urea nitrogen

A

is a waste product your body makes from the breakdown of protein in the foods you eat

102
Q

hematocrit

A

relative ratio of plasma to packed cell volume in the blood

103
Q

decreased hematocrit occurs

A

with acute hemorrhagic process secondary to disease and blunt trauma

104
Q

hemoglobin

A

this is present in urine whenever extensive damage or destruction of the functioning erythrocytes occur

105
Q

how are kidneys imagined

A

in a supine or decub position

106
Q

why does the right kidney lies slightly lower than the left kidney

A

because the large right lobe of the liver pushes it inferiorly

107
Q

what color and shape is the kidney?

A

-dark red
- bean-shaped organs

108
Q

how long is the kidney

A
  • 9 to 12 cm long
  • 5 cm wide
  • 2.5 cm thick
109
Q

how many times is the kidney measured

A

twice in sagittal and once in transverse

110
Q

normal kidneys have a

A

smooth outer contours surrounded by reflected echoes of perirenal fat

111
Q

the renal parenchyma surrounds

A

the fatty central renal sinus

112
Q

what does the renal sinus contains

A
  • calyces
  • infundibula
  • pelvis
  • vessels
  • lymphatics
113
Q

because of the fat interface

A

the renal sinus is imaged as an area of intense echoes with variable contours

114
Q

outer cortex is

A

darker than the inner medulla because of increased blood perfusion

115
Q

inner surface of the medulla is

A

folded into projections called pyramids

116
Q

where the renal vessels and ureter enter and exit

A

renal hilum

117
Q

hypoechoic pyramids are

A

separated by bands of intervening parenchyma that extend toward the renal sinus

118
Q

pyramids are

A

uniform in size, shape (triangular) and distribution

119
Q

apex of the pyramid points toward

A

the sinus

120
Q

base lies adjacent to the

A

renal cortex

121
Q

interlobar arteries lie

A

alongside the pyramids

122
Q

arcuate vessels lie

A

at the base of the pyramids

123
Q

renal fascia

A

is a layer of connective tissue encapsulating the kidneys

124
Q

what is renal fascia also known as

A

gerota’s fascia

125
Q

parenchyma of renal cortex

A

lies beneath the renal capsule

126
Q

anterior to the right kidney

A
  • right adrenal gland and liver
  • morison’s pouch
  • second part of the duodenum
  • right colic flexure
127
Q

morison’s pouch

A

area between the liver and right kidney

128
Q

what is the most common cause for fluid accumulation in the abdomen

A

morison’s pouch

129
Q

anterior to the left kidney

A
  • left adrenal gland
  • spleen, stomach and pancreas
  • left colic flexure
  • coils of jejunum
130
Q

posterior to the right kidney

A

-diaphragm
- costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura
- 12th rib
- psoas muscle
- quadratus lumborum
- transverse abdominis muscles

131
Q

column of bertin

A

prominent invaginations of the cortex at varying depths within the medullary substance of the kidneys

132
Q

sonographic findings of column of bertin

A
  • renal mass effect produced by hypertrophied column of bertin
  • contiguity with the renal cortex is evident, and overall echogenicity is the like that of the renal parenchyma
133
Q

dromedary hump

A

is a budge of cortical tissue on the lateral surface of a kidney

134
Q

dromedary hump is more common in the

A

left kidney

135
Q

dromedary hump may mimic

A

a renal neoplasm

136
Q

junctional parenchymal defect

A

is a triangular, echogenic are typically located anteriorly and superiorly

137
Q

junctional parenchymal defect is a result

A

of partial fusion of two parenchymal masses called ranunculi during normal development

138
Q

fetal lobulation usually is present in

A

children up to 5 years of age

139
Q

with fetal lobulation surfaces of the kidneys are generally

A

indented in between the calyces, giving the kidneys a slightly lobulated appearance

140
Q

sinus lipomatosis is characterized by

A

the deposition of a moderate amount of fat in the renal sinus, with parenchymal atrophy

141
Q

sonographic findings of extrarenal pelvis

A

pelvis appears as a central cystic area that is either partially or entirely beyond the confines of the bulk of the renal substance

142
Q

extrarenal pelvis can usually

A

decompress when patient is turned in prone position

143
Q

extrarenal pelvis

A

dilated renal pelvis

144
Q

renal agenesis

A

absence of a kidney or failure for a kidney to form

145
Q

renal agenesis may be

A

bilateral or unilateral

146
Q

unilateral renal agenesis results in

A

solitary kidney

147
Q

bilateral renal agenesis is a very

A

rare and is incompatible with life

148
Q

double collecting system

A

a rare renal anomaly with a duplication of the renal pelvis and ureter

149
Q

horseshoe kidney

A

as fusion of the lower poles of the kidney

150
Q

what is the common anomaly of renal fusion

A

horseshoe kidney

151
Q

ectopic kidney

A

a kidney that is not located in its usual position

152
Q

what is the most common ectopic kidney

A

pelvic kidney

153
Q

what should not be misdiagnosed as a pelvic tumor

A

pelvic kidney

154
Q

if there is an absence of a kidney in the normal renal fossa

A

sonographer must look in the pelvis to rule an ectopic kidney

155
Q

renal masses categorized with sonography as

A

-cystic
- solid
- complex

156
Q

cystic mass

A
  • smooth, thin, well-defined border
  • round or oval shape
  • sharp interface between the cyst and renal parenchyma
  • no internal echoes (anechoic)
  • increased posterior acoustic enhancement
157
Q

solid mass

A
  • irregular borders
  • poorly defined interface between the mass and kidney
  • low-level internal echoes
  • weak posterior border (because of the increased attenuation of the mass)
  • poor though-transmission
158
Q

complex mass shows characteristics associated

A

with both cystic and solid lesions

159
Q

complex mass has areas of

A

necrosis, hemorrhage, abscess or calcification within the mass

160
Q

the Bosniak classification of cysts is

A

used to determine the appropriate work-up for a cystic mass

161
Q

needle aspiration may be recommended to obtain

A

fluid from the lesion to evaluate its internal composition

162
Q

the Bosniak classification is

A

widely used by radiologist and urologist for addressing the clinical problem assessing renal cyst

163
Q

what is a common form of ureteral stricture

A

ureteral narrowing as a result of fibrosis is a

164
Q

ureterocele

A

cyst like enlargement of the lower end of the ureter

165
Q

what is ureterocele caused by

A

congenital or acquired stenosis of the distal end of the ureter

166
Q

cystoscopy

A

a procedure that uses a tube to examine the bladder and the urethra

167
Q

what is cystoscopy usually used for

A

used to examine the bladder because it can diagnose early neoplasms

168
Q

transabdominal sonography will allow

A

visualization of the most lesions greater then 5mm

169
Q

TGC is adjusted to

A

reduce anterior wall artifacts

170
Q

how do you measure the bladder wall

A

measure anterior wall in transverse

171
Q

bladder wall should be

A
172
Q

what is the bladder wall measurement

A

3 to 6 mm

173
Q

what do you look for in bladder walls

A

asymmetry in the walls

174
Q

what do you evaluate in the bladder

A

residual volume

Kidney (2 decks)

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