Normal Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

The pulmonary circulatory system is associated with which side of the heart?

Answer 1

The Right Heart

Question 2

Deoxygenated blood returns to the right heart via _____

Answer 2

The venous system

Question 3

What is the normal O2 sat for the right heart?

Answer 3

75%

The right heart is a low pressure, low resistance, low oxygen saturation system.

Question 4

The systemic circulatory is associated with which side of the heart?

Answer 4

The left heart

Question 5

What is the normal O2 sat for the left heart?

Answer 5

98%

The left heart is a high pressure, high resistance, high O2 sat system.

Question 6

Anterior (ventral)

Answer 6

Front of the body

Question 7

Posterior (dorsal)

Answer 7

Back of the body

Question 8

Lateral

Answer 8

Away from the midline

Question 9

Medial

Answer 9

Toward the midline

Question 10

Inferior (diaphragmatic)

Answer 10

toward the patient’s feet, below, or lower

Question 11

Superior (basal)

Answer 11

toward the head, higher, or above

Question 12

Proximal

Answer 12

near the origin

Question 13

Distal

Answer 13

away from the origin

Question 14

The heart is encased within the ________

Answer 14

Pericardium

Question 15

What is the pericardium?

Answer 15

A fluid filled sac that covers the heart and helps protect it against infection and trauma.

Question 16

The outer layer of the pericardium is known as ______

Answer 16

The fibrous pericardium

Question 17

The inner layer of the pericardium is known as _______

Answer 17

The serous pericardium

Question 18

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

Answer 18

The parietal layer and the visceral layer

Question 19

The parietal layer lines the inside of the _______

Answer 19

Fibrous pericardium

Question 20

The visceral pericardium is also known as ______

Answer 20

Epicardium, the outermost layer of the heart wall.

Question 21

What lies between the visceral and parietal layers and contains a clear fluid that is released by the serous membrane?

Answer 21

The pericardial space

Question 22

The pericardial space normally contains how many milliliters of fluid?

Answer 22

10-30 ml

Question 23

What are the 3 layers the heart wall consists of?

Answer 23

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

Question 24

The _______ is the outermost layer of the heart wall.

Answer 24

Epicardium
It covers the surface of the heart and extends to the great vessels. The epicardium is also the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.

Question 25

The ______ is the center layer of the heart wall and is composed of thick muscular tissue.

Answer 25

Myocardium

Question 26

What layer is the major pumping mechanism of the heart?

Answer 26

Myocardium

Question 27

The myocardium is composed of striated muscle fibrils with contractile elements called what?

Answer 27

The myofibrils

Question 28

The ______ is a thin layer of the endothelium and underlying connective tissue.

Answer 28

The endocardium | It lines the inner chambers of the heart, valves, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles.

Question 29

What are the great arteries?

Answer 29

The Aorta and the Main Pulmonary Artery

Question 30

What is the tough, fibrous ring that surrounds the superior edge of the valvular leaflets and anchors them between the atria and the ventricle.

Answer 30

The annulus fibrosus

Question 31

What type of tissue makes up the leaflets?

Answer 31

Valvular

Question 32

What do the leaflets attach to?

Answer 32

Chordae tendineae

Question 33

What do the chordae tendineae attach to?

Answer 33

Papillary Muscles

Question 34

The papillary muscles anchor the ______ to the ventricular walls.

Answer 34

AV valve apparatus

Question 35

What is at the junction of the IVC and the right atrium?

Answer 35

The eustachian valve

Question 36

What is the normal diastolic IVC diameter?

Answer 36

1.2-2.3 cm

Question 37

What is a web-like structure that is an embryonic remnant and may be visualized in the RA in close proximity to the IVC?

Answer 37

Chiari network

Question 38

What is located along the posterior atrioventricular groove behind the left atrium?

Answer 38

Coronary Sinus

Question 39

What has the lowest O2 sat in the body and is approximately 60%?

Answer 39

Coronary Sinus

Question 40

What is located between the CS and the right atrium?

Answer 40

Thebesian Valve

Question 41

What are the small nodules in the center of the free edge of each coronary cusp that ensures complete closure of the valve?

Answer 41

Nodules of Arantius

Question 42

Approximately what % of the population has a right dominate coronary artery system?

Answer 42

85%

Question 43

Approximately what % of the population has a left dominate coronary artery system?

Answer 43

8%

Question 44

Approximately what % of the population is co-dominant?

Answer 44

7%

Question 45

What is the area between the left subclavian artery and the ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 45

Aortic isthmus | This area is prone to aortic dissections, particularly those caused by deceleration injuries.

Question 46

What is the volume of blood ejected with each heart beat?

Answer 46

Stroke Volume

Question 47

What is the normal resting SV?

Answer 47

70-100 ml

Question 48

What is the equation for SV?

Answer 48

SV=EDV-ESV | End Diastolic Volume- End Systolic Volume

Question 49

What do the combination of stroke volume and heart rate determine?

Answer 49

Cardiac Output

Question 50

CO is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle each ______

Answer 50

minute

Question 51

What is the normal resting value for CO?

Answer 51

4-8 l/min

Question 52

SV x HR=

Answer 52

CO

Question 53

What is the normal CI?

Answer 53

3-4 l/min 2

Question 54

What does the Frank-Starling Law (Length-Tension Relationship) state?

Answer 54

The more blood that enters the ventricle during diastole (preload) the greater the force of the contraction (systole) required to eject the blood.

Question 55

What does the Interval-Strength Relationship state?

Answer 55

The longer the interval between heartbeats, the stronger the contraction required to eject the blood.

Question 56

What is the resistance that the heart must pump against?

Answer 56

Afterload

Question 57

Inspiration ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

Answer 57

Increases

Question 58

Expiration ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

Answer 58

Decreases

Question 59

Squatting ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

Answer 59

Increases

Question 60

Standing ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

Answer 60

Decreases

Question 61

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 61

SA node

Question 62

What is located at the border of the superior vena cava and right atrium?

Answer 62

SA node

Question 63

The SA node pace=bpm

Answer 63

60-100 bpm

Question 64

The AV node rate= bpm

Answer 64

40-60 bpm

Question 65

The Purkinje fibers rate= bpm

Answer 65

20-40 bpm

Question 66

The atria communicate with each other via the _____

Answer 66

Interatrial tract (Bachmann's Bundle)

Question 67

Where is the AV node located?

Answer 67

At the floor of the right atrium

Question 68

What serves as a gate to delay electrical conduction?

Answer 68

AV node

Question 69

Where is the Bundle of His located?

Answer 69

Interventricular Septum

Question 70

Amyl Nitrite _____ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

Answer 70

Increases

Question 71

Valsalva bearing down ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

Answer 71

Decreases

Question 72

Valsalva release phase- ______ venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

Answer 72

Increases

Question 73

The mitral valve closes at the ______ wave.

Answer 73

R Wave on the QRS complex

Question 74

What is the normal range for fractional shortening?

Answer 74

28-41%

Question 75

What is the normal EPSS range?

Answer 75

Normal range is 2-7 mm

Question 76

The left main coronary artery divides into the

Answer 76

LAD and LCA | Left anterior descending and left circumflex

Question 77

The right coronary artery (RCA) divides into the

Answer 77

AM and PDA | Acute marginal artery and Posterior descending artery