Normal developmental milestones

Question 1

normal varus and valgus

Answer 1

every baby is born with genu varus by age 3 this becomes 15 degrees genu valgus and by 7-8 it becomes physiological genu valgus which is about 6 degrees

Question 2

how do bones grow

Answer 2

longitudinally by the process of endochondral ossification

Question 3

factors affecting growth of bone

Answer 3

• vitamin D
• nutrition
• trauma
• growth hormone
• illness can cause temporary bone growth arrest

Question 4

pathological genu varus or valium is considered if

Answer 4

it is 6 degrees more of less from the mean value, is painful or is unilateral

Question 5

causes of pathological genu varus

Answer 5

skeletal dysplasia, rickets, tumour, blunts disease, trauma

Question 6

genu varum known as

Answer 6

bow legs

Question 7

genu valgum known as

Answer 7

knocked knees

Question 8

persistent genu varum is at risk of

Answer 8

early onset medial compartment osteoarthritis

Question 9

what is blounts disease

Answer 9

idiopathic growth arrest of the medial tibial physis which causes unilateral genu varum and a classical beak like protrusion on x-ray

Question 10

pathological causes of genu valgum

Answer 10

rickets, tumours, neurofibromatosis, trauma

Question 11

monitoring of pathological genu varum and valgum

Answer 11

charted and monitored to see if they improve with age if not they may need an osteotomy

Question 12

in-toeing

Answer 12

child who walks with feet pointing towards midline

Question 13

in-toeing children commonly

Answer 13

trip over their own feet

Question 14

causes of in-toeing

Answer 14

femoral neck anteversion, internal tibial torsion, forfoot adduction

Question 15

femoral neck anteversion

Answer 15

femoral neck lies abnormally anterior in relation to the femoral condyles causing increased internal rotation of the hip, patients tend to sit in w position, of no consequence but can predispose to patello-femoral dislocation

Question 16

internal tibial torsion

Answer 16

tibia can be rotated inwards about its vertical axis and usually always resolves by 6 years

Question 17

forefoot adduction also known as

Answer 17

metatarsus adductus

Question 18

forefoot adduction

Answer 18

the forefoot is turned inwards and nearly always resolves by 6 years

Question 19

flat feet affects

Answer 19

1 in 5 adults

Question 20

is flat feet present at birth

Answer 20

at birth all feet are flat but as me begin to walk most people develop a medial arch

Question 21

types of flat feet

Answer 21

mobile or fixed

Question 22

mobile flat feet definition

Answer 22

the medial arch forms with dorsiflexion of great toe (Jack test) which is of no consequence

Question 23

fixed flat feet

Answer 23

the medial arch does not form on dorsiflexion of great toe and is caused by tarsal coalition which can cause pain and may need surgical seperation

Question 24

which score is used to classify hyper-mobility

Answer 24

beighton score

Question 25

curly toes

Answer 25

minor overlapping of the toes with the 5th toe being the most commonly affect

Question 26

anterior knee pain

Answer 26

affects mostly female adolescents because they have more physiological valgus which cause more tension in the patella, causes localised patellar tenderness and does not need treatment