Normal Disfluency and Development of Stuttering

Question 1

What are 4 subcategories of Stuttering

Answer 1

Core and Secondary Behaviors, Feelings and Attitude, Underlying process

Question 2

Describes basic speech behaviors

Is involuntary

Answer 2

Core Behaviors

Question 3

Three main behaviors to watch for

Answer 3

Repetitions, Prolongations, Blocks

Question 4

Reactions to his/her repetitions and attempt to avoid them or end

Presence of the reactions to the core behaviors

Answer 4

Secondary Behaviors

Question 5

Phenomenon where there is no stuttering

Answer 5

Primary Stuttering

Question 6

Two broad classes of Secondary Behaviors

Answer 6

Escape and Avoidance

Question 7

___ may precipitate stuttering

give examples

Answer 7

Feelings

Question 8

Feelings that became a pervasive part of a person’s belief

give examples

Answer 8

Attitude

Question 9

Speculations about the process that MAY cause disfluencies/stuttering at each level of development

Answer 9

Underlying process

Question 10

helps understand the nature of the symptoms and rationale for the treatment of it

Answer 10

Underlying process

Question 11

Mostly observed most frequently among children who are just beginning to stutter

Answer 11

Repetition

Question 12

The first core behavior you would observe

Answer 12

Repetition

Question 13

In children who have not been stuttering for long, what is the more common to repeat?

more than what?

Answer 13

single-syllable word repetitions and part-word repetitions

multisyllable word repetitions

Question 14

Usually appear later than repetitions

Answer 14

Prolongations

Question 15

Movement of the articulators (at a certain position) is stopped, but the airflow is continuous

Answer 15

Prolongations

Question 16

What is the time that even as short as that, it’s considered prolongations?

Answer 16

Half a second

Question 17

Last core behavior to appear (typically)

Answer 17

Blocks

Question 18

Stops the flow of air or voice and often the movement of articulators, as well

Answer 18

Blocks

Question 19

Blocks may involve any level of the speech production mechanism which are?

Answer 19

respiratory, laryngeal, or articulatory

Question 20

As stuttering persists, blocks grow___

Answer 20

Longer and more tense, and tremors may become evident

Question 21

Difference of Blocks and Prolongations

Answer 21

Prolongations = movement is stopped but airflow is continuous

Blocks = both movement and airflow is stopped

Question 22

In Blocks, airflow is stuck behind the___

Answer 22

voice mechanism

Question 23

Already in the moment or in the middle of the stutter

Answer 23

Escape Behaviors

Question 24

Intention in Escape Behaviors

Answer 24

Attempt to terminate a stutter and finish the word.

Question 25

Attempt to prevent a stuttering when he or she anticipates stuttering

Answer 25

Avoidance Behaviors

Question 26

Intention in Avoidance Behavior

Answer 26

Prevent and avoid stutter Keyword: BEFORE

Question 27

What are the 5 stages of Development in Stuttering Development - Age - Kind of Stuttering

Answer 27

Normal Disfluency - Typical disfluency Younger Preschool Children: Borderline Stuttering - Around 4 y/o Older Preschool Children: Beginning Stuttering - Around 5-6 y/o School Age: Intermediate Stuttering - Around gradeschool Older Teens and Adults: Advanced Stuttering

Question 28

What are the core behaviors under Normal Disfluency

Answer 28

The 8 common categories (P, S, M, P, I, R, P, T) Part-word repetition Single-syllable word repetition Multisyllabic Word Repetition Phrase Repetition Interjection Revision-incomplete phrase Prolongation Tense Pause

Question 29

Distinguishing features under Core behaviors in normal disfluency to know if normal or not anymore

Answer 29

Amount of disfluency, Number of units of repetitions and interjections, Type of disfluency

Question 30

To keep the count equitable between younger and older children

Answer 30

Assessed disfluencies in children as the number per 100 syllables attempted

Question 31

Normally speaking preschool children have an average of____

Answer 31

7 disfluencies for every 100 words spoken

Question 32

Common types of disfluency according to Johnson and associates

Answer 32

interjections, revisions and whole-word repetitions

Question 33

Two clusters of common disfluency types by Yairi

Answer 33

Repetitions of speech segments of one syllable or less Interjections and revisions

Question 34

Interjections are common but decline at what age

Answer 34

3 years old

Question 35

Secondary Behaviors for Normal Disfluency

Answer 35

No secondary behavior and rare

Question 36

Feeling and Attitudes in Normal Disfluency

Answer 36

None

Question 37

Underlying Process in Normal Disfluency

Answer 37

Stresses of speech and Psychosocial development process

Question 38

Ages _____ where there are periods of increased disfluency

Answer 38

2 - 5

Question 39

How many disfluencies in Normal Disfluency

Answer 39

7 out of 100

Question 40

How many disfluencies in Borderline Disfluency

Answer 40

11 or more out of 100

Question 41

Disfluencies in Borderline stuttering are__ why so?

Answer 41

Loose and relaxed They are not aware

Question 42

Core Behaviors: Borderline Stuttering More ____; Less _____

Answer 42

More repetition and prolongations Less interjections and revisions

Question 43

Secondary Behaviors for Borderline Disfluency

Answer 43

No secondary behavior

Question 44

Feeling and Attitudes in Borderline Disfluency

Answer 44

None

Question 45

Core Behaviors in Beginning Stuttering

Answer 45

Rapid, Irregular, and tense "HURRY"

Question 46

T or F: There are interjections in Beginning Stuttering

Answer 46

False (there are none)

Question 47

Secondary Behaviors in Beginning Stuttering

Answer 47

Escape Behaviors

Question 48

What development is life-changing in Beginning Stuttering, making it different

Answer 48

Cognitive development/cognitive growth

Question 49

Increase in pitch and loudness are observed in what developmental stage (core behavior)

Answer 49

Beginning Stuttering

Question 50

Feeling and Attitudes where they become aware of disfluency and may express frustration

Answer 50

Beginning Stuttering

Question 51

Underlying Process: Beginning Stuttering Conditioned emotional reactions causing excess____

Answer 51

Tension

Question 52

Underlying Process: Major factor underlying beginning stuttering appears to be____

Answer 52

Sensitivity to stress

Question 53

T or F: Awareness of difficulty and NO strong negative feeling about the self (under beginning stuttering)

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Most frequent core behavior in Intermediate Stuttering

Answer 54

Blocks (but still have prolongation and repetition)

Question 55

Secondary Behaviors in Intermediate Stuttering

Answer 55

Both Escape and Avoidance Behavior

Question 56

Feeling and Attitudes in Intermediate Stuttering

Answer 56

Feelings of fear, embarrassment, shame FEELINGS ONLY

Question 57

Underlying Processes in Intermediate Stuttering

Answer 57

Instrumental conditioning resulting in escape behaviors avoidance conditioning

Question 58

Most frequent core behavior in Advanced Stuttering

Answer 58

Long tensed blocks some with tremors of the lips, jaw, and tongue

Question 59

Secondary Behaviors in Advanced Stuttering

Answer 59

Extensive Escape and Avoidance Behavior extensive = di nila napapansin na ginagawa nila

Question 60

Feeling and Attitudes in Advanced Stuttering

Answer 60

Negative self-concept

Question 61

Underlying Processes in Advanced Stuttering

Answer 61

instrumental conditioning, cognitive learning