Normal Gait

Question 1

stance phase vs swing phase percentage

Answer 1

62 stance

38 swing

Question 2

step length

Answer 2

right heel to left heel or vise versa

Question 3

Stride length

Answer 3

left heel to left heel or vise versa
1.51 for males
1.32 for females
meters

Question 4

degree of toe out

Answer 4

normal 5-7 degrees

angle between heel and second toe

Question 5

step width

Answer 5

lateral distance between right and left heel or vise versa

normal is 7-10

Question 6

stride length is also the time

Answer 6

the time for a full gait cycle

Question 7

cadence

Answer 7

steps per min
male 108 steps/min
female 118 steps/min

Question 8

walking speed is functional how

Answer 8

it is the most functional measurement of individuals walking ability
3 mph
or 
1.37 for males
1.3 for females

Question 9

single limb support (SLS) percent

Answer 9

80

Question 10

double limb support (DLS) percent

Answer 10

20

Question 11

running differ from walking

Answer 11

no double support phase

there is a point where no foot is on the ground

Question 12

functional tasks of gait

Answer 12

weight acceptance WA
SLS
SLA (swing limb advancement

Question 13

WA phases and fx

Answer 13

initial contact loading response

forward progress
stability
shock absorption

Question 14

SLS phases and fx

Answer 14

mid stance
terminal stance

stability
forward progression

Question 15

SLA stances and fx

Answer 15

pre swing
initial swing
mid swing
terminal swing

foot clearing
limb advancement

Question 16

CoM is displaced in

Answer 16

forward
vertical
side to side

Question 17

CoM vertical

Answer 17

viewed from side

lowest point during periods of DLS

highest points during SLS

5cm displaced

Question 18

CoM side to side

max shift right

Answer 18

max shift right end of midstance (right leg reference)

max shift left during mid swing (right leg reference)

4cm displaced

Question 19

Initial contact
critical event 
muscles:
Hip 
Knee
Ankle

Answer 19

CE - heel first contact
H -EX concentric
K - Eccentric hamstring
concentric quads to eccentric in prep from loading
A - DF concentric

Question 20

loading response
critical event 
muscles:
Hip 
Knee
Ankle

Answer 20

CE - hip stability, controlled knee FL ankle PF
H - EX concentric
K - eccentric quads
A - eccentric DF - transition into eccentric PF

Question 21

midstance
critical event 
muscles:
Hip 
Knee
Ankle

Answer 21

CE - controlled tibial advancement
H -N/a
K - eccentric quads in beginning - to concentric knee extenders at end
A - eccentric of ankle PF

Question 22

Terminal stance
critical event 
muscles:
Hip 
Knee
Ankle

Answer 22

CE - controlled ankle DF with heel rise
H - minimal activity in sagittal plane
K - no extensor activity maintained by gastroc
A - concentric PF (prevent tibial collapse)

Question 23

Preswing
critical event 
muscles:
Hip 
Knee
Ankle

Answer 23

CE - passive knee FL to 40 deg and ankle PF
H - concentric FL
K - knee FL passive
A - ankle PF is mainly passive tension - concentric DF

Question 24

midswing
critical event 
muscles:
Hip 
Knee
Ankle

Answer 24

CE - further hip FL to 25 and ankle DF to 0
H - concentric hip FL - start of eccentric hip EX
K - knee EX created by momentum - knee flexors eccentric at end of phase
A - continued concentric DF

Question 25

``` initial swing critical event muscles: Hip Knee Ankle ```

Answer 25

CE - hip FL to 15 and knee FL to 60 (majority of foot clearance bc of knee FL) H - concentric FL K - Concentric FL A - concentric DF

Question 26

``` Terminal swing critical event muscles: Hip Knee Ankle ```

Answer 26

CE - knee EX to N H - concentric EX K - concentric EX, Eccentric knee FL A - concentric DF

Question 27

Hip ROM for normal gait

Answer 27

25 deg of FL and 20 deg of EX

Question 28

knee ROM for normal gait

Answer 28

40 deg of FL at preswing and max knee FL 60 deg at initial swing

Question 29

Ankle ROM for normal gait

Answer 29

10 deg of DF and 15 deg of PF

Question 30

pelvis hip frontal plane ROM

Answer 30

Pelvis rotates through 10-15 deg on stance limb loading response of R the L iliac crest drops then L iliac is elevated

Question 31

foot/ subtalar frontal plane

Answer 31

inverted 2-3 deg at initial contact - rapid eversion of calc after mid stance - sub talr reverses direction toward inversion inversion continues in pre swing calc returns to slightly inverted position in late swing to prepare for next heel contact

Question 32

horizontal plane trunk

Answer 32

opposite rotation from pelvic motion

Question 33

hip horizontal plane

Answer 33

forward rotation of pelvis on stance limb with hip FL during swing increases step length

Question 34

shoulder horizontal plane

Answer 34

opposite sagittal plane motion of ipsi hip active, particularly shoulder EX balances rotational forces of the trunk

Question 35

what reduces downward displacement of CoM

Answer 35

horizontal plane pelvic rotation sagittal plane ankle rotation

Question 36

what reduces upward displacement of CoM

Answer 36

stance phase knee FL frontal plane pelvic rotation (hip hike and drop)

Question 37

what reduces side to side excursion of CoM

Answer 37

frontal plane hip rotation | step width

Question 38

muscle in frontal | stances

Answer 38

``` loading response hip - AB eccentric ankle - inverters eccentric Midstance hip - AB eccentric into concentric ankle - inverters eccentric terminal stance hip - AB concentric ankle - inverters concentric ```

Question 39

muscle in frontal | swings

Answer 39

``` pre swing hip - AB concentric ankle - inverters concentric initial mid and terminal hip - AD concentric ankle - evertors concentric ```