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Normal Gait Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 functions of a pronatory foot in gait

A
  1. adaptation
  2. shock absorption
  3. torque conversion
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2
Q

what are 3 functions of a supinatory foot in gait

A
  1. rigid lever
  2. stable base for propulsion
  3. heel raise as tibia moves over foot
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3
Q

what relationship proximal rotation have with foot position

A

when get rotatory forces at femur or tibia w/ gait or mvmt –> creates proximal torque into supinatory or pronatory functions

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4
Q

when does swing begin and end

A

toe off to IC of same limb

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5
Q

when does 1 gait cycle begin and end

A

IC to IC of same limb

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6
Q

when does stance phase begin and end

A

IC to toe off of same limb

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7
Q

when does loading response begin and end

A

begins at heel contact and ends at opposite toe off

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8
Q

what are the 3 rockers of gait

A

heel
ankle
forefoot

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9
Q

when are the 2 periods of DLS time during the stance phase of gait

A

initial contact
preswing

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10
Q

what is the heel rocker and what is its purpose

A

tibia starts to move over foot
- helps w nice fluid transition for gait

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11
Q

what is the significance of foot position in loading response

A

ST pronation unlocks mid-tarsal joints and allows foot to become more mobile and adapt to uneven surfaces to absorb GRF/shock

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12
Q

when is the heel rocker in gait

A

initial contact

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13
Q

when is the ankle rocker in gait

A

midstance

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14
Q

what is the ankle rocker and what is its function

A

allows body weight to smoothly transition over foot
- COG moves over new SLS BOS

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15
Q

function of mobile vs rigid foot

A

mobile foot = loading response
rigid lever = push off

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16
Q

when does SLS time begin and end in the stance phase of gait

A

midstance to terminal stance

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17
Q

what is the forefoot rocker and what is its function

A

tibia moves over foot until DF ends, then get heel rise
- body moves ahead BOS to continue fluid gait

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18
Q

when is the forefoot rocker in gait

A

terminal stance

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19
Q

how does COG and BOS change between DLS and SLS times

A

DLS:
- COG is low
- COG is in middle of BOS

SLS:
- COG is high
- COG is lateral in BOS

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20
Q

what is the angle of gait

A

longitudinal axis of foot and line of progression (angle body is moving)

avg = 7deg toe out

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21
Q

what is the base of gait

A

horizontal distance from one HS to next HS

avg = 3.5in

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22
Q

what is step length

A

distance from IC of one foot to IC of opp foot

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23
Q

what is stride length

A

distance b/w 2 consecutive ICs of same foot

avg = 4.5ft

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24
Q

what is cadence

A

step rate
#of steps/min

avg = 101-122 steps/min

women = faster
slows w age

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25
how is cadence related to stance and swing time in gait
as cadence inc, stance and swing time both dec
26
what is cadence and gait speed predictive values of (5)
functional decline mortality fall risk functional and physiological decline QOL
27
what are 2 clinical tests for measuring gait speed/cadence
10m WT TUG
28
when does maximal pronation occur with WBing
foot flat
29
when does resupination occur with WBing
during mid-stance
30
what are the triplanar motions happening w OKC ST pronation
calcaneal: - eversion - ABD - DF
31
what are the triplanar motions happening w CKC ST pronation
calcaneal eversion talar ADD/PF - drops down & in tibial IR
32
what is the only similar motion b/w OKC and CKC pronation
calcaneal eversion
33
what happens all the way up the chain with CKC pronation
calcaneal eversion talar ADD/PF tibial IR - unlocks knee/reverses screw home knee flexion hip IR - moving acetabulum and femoral alignment ant pelvic tilt inc lumbar lordosis
34
what are the triplanar motions happening w OKC ST supination
calcaneal: - inversion - ADD - PF
35
what are the triplanar motions happening w CKC ST supination
calcaneal inversion talar ABD/DF -> moves up and in tibial ER
36
what is the only similar mvmt between OKC and CKC supination
calcaneal inversion
37
what happens all the way up the chain with CKC supination
calcaneal inversion talar ABD/DF - elevation of arch tibial ER - screw home mechanism knee ext hip ER post pelvic tilt dec lumbar lordosis
38
what is midtarsal joint mobility dependent on
STJ position
39
how does a pronated STJ impact midtarsal mobility and why
inc mobility, low arch - axis of joints are parallel which allows for mobility
40
how does a supinated STJ impact midtarsal mobility and why
dec mobility, high arch - axis of joints are crossed/perp to and become more rigid
41
why would we as PT care more about stance than swing phase
more problems occur in stance - much more relevant to us
42
what are 2 functions required of a more mobile foot with loading response
shock absorpion adapt to surface terrain
43
what is the equivalent of GRF to body weight with loading response
vertical load of 110-125% of body weight
44
how is the GRF related to cadence
load inc as cadence inc
45
when does propulsion start in gait
heel rise
46
what is the relationship of amt of GRF, foot position, and midstance
vertical load ~75% of BW - lot of GRF absorbed in loading response --> foot doesn't have to be pronated and can re-supinate in midstance to become a rigid lever
47
what are GRF in propulsion (terminal stance & preswing)
vertical load >125% of BW
48
what torque conversion in the loading response
femoral rotation absorbed by STJ CKC pronation - as heel strike, hip IR -> tibial IR -> talus drops down and in -> pronation -> absorbs shock and adapts to ground
49
what is the ER force created and accelerated by in mid stance
created by swing of leg and opposite arm - accelerated by ERs and glut concentric contraction
50
what is the purpose of knee flexion in the loading response
shock absorption accomodate GRF
51
why is co-contraction of ms in loading response important
maintains a stable knee
52
what ms are working during midstance
ms contracting, but more passive bc ext moment as body moves over leg - gastroc decelerates so knee doesn't snap back
53
why is PF initiated passively in loading response
GRF vertical on heel
54
why do muscles work eccentrically to decel PF in loading response
don't want foot to slap onto floor - controlling and preventing rapid PF
55
why is DF passive in midstance
tibia advancing over fixed foot
56
what is the purpose of eccentric contractions to decel DF in midstance
prevent excessive DF
57
why and when does DF become PF in stance
run out of DF some point after midstance d/t ms restriction or TC joint restriction - when you run out of DF, get passive PF as heel rises
58
when does PF become active in propulsion
accelerated gait
59
how do the GS complex work to make PF in propulsion when gait is inc
resists DF during heel rise controls higher GRF
60
what muscle has the best orientation to the STJ and what is the significance of this
post tib - gives best mechanical advantage to decelerate pronation
61
why is how well we control pronation in the loading response significant to midstance
how well we control pronation dictates how well we can re-supinate in midstance - if still pronating when should be starting to supinate, that dictates how much they will be able to resupinate
62
what is a ms that is not large but works hard the entirety of stance phase
post tib
63
what is supination in propulsion driven by
ER of the limb
64
when is max control of MTJ needed
propulsion (terminal stance to preswing) ## Footnote windlass effect - peak tensile forces/strain on plantar fascia supporting the foot
65
what is an example of a treatment if someone is presenting w exessive pronation
ecc glut
66
what is a rule of thumb if treating someone w excessive motion at any point in the gait cycle
look at what ms should be ecc working or stabilizing --> then work on them

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