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Normans Flashcards

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1
Q

What was life like in Norman England in the following areas, and why did these factors make England desirable to invade:
Society
Government
Religion
Wealth
Land
Defence
Population

A

Society -
Government -
Religion - rich church, influence, catholic
Wealth -
Land -
Defence - castles, knights
Population - 1 million

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2
Q

Who were the claimants to the throne ordered by strength of claim?

A

Harold Godwinson - close to Edward, promised throne on deathbed, witan supported, wessex
Duke William of Normandy - promised earlier when Edward was exiled to France, Matilda connection
King of Norway Harald Hardrada - Sven promised throne
Aethelwine - 14

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3
Q

How did Edward the Confessor create turmoil?

A
  1. No heirs.
  2. Promised William the throne earlier, Harold on his deathbed.
    Normandy = first promise most important
    England = deathbed most important
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4
Q

What occurred at the Battle of Fulford Gate?

A

The Vikings beat Edward.

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5
Q

What occurred at the Battle of Stamford Bridge?

A
  1. Vikings were unprepared, no armour.
  2. One viking held everyone off on the bridge, stabbed from beneath by one fighter.
  3. Edward wins, Hardrada killed, his son surrenders, so do english thanes that supported him Edwin and Morcar.
  4. Vikings retreat on 40 boats instead of the 1000 they came on.
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6
Q

What did William do to prepare for the Battle of Hastings?

A

Religion: Lanfranc got the pope’s support to label it a holy crusade to fix the corrupt English church and carry the papal banner.
Military: Trained mercenaries fighting for William, boats, cavalry.
Journey: Shortest distance to Pevensey, waited for correct wind to quickly carry them across.

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7
Q

How did the forces brought differ between Harold and William?

A

Forces:
Weapons: AS teardop, N circles
Type of forces: AS housecarls, N archers and cavalry

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8
Q

What occurred at the Battle of Hastings?

A
  1. William at base of hill so difficult for cavalry to charge up and archers couldn’t reach AS forces at the top.
  2. AS formed shield wall.
  3. Going against Normans, rumour William killed, he lifted helmet to prove he was alive.
  4. William couldn’t break shield wall until feigned retreat move pierced wall Harold either knocked off horse and stabbed or shot in the eye with an arrow.
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9
Q

What were Williams methods of control?

A

Terror
Concessions
Military
Patronage
Legality

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10
Q

What were William’s next steps after the Battle of Hastings?

A
  1. Build castles like Pevensey.
  2. Move along coast securing trading points to trade with Normandy.
  3. Move inland to Canterbury to secure church.
  4. Go a bit north, torch some areas.
  5. Get treasury in Winchester and witan.
  6. Christmas Day coronation in London.
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11
Q

What were Norman castles like?

A

Moat and drawbridge.
Palisade fence of sharpened wood posts.
Bailey with barracks for knights, storage barns, stables, huts for workers, larder.
Motte with steep walls so they can’t be charged up.
Keep as last point of retreat where baron could live.

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12
Q

In brief what were the revolts after Hastings?

A
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13
Q

Revolt 1

A
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14
Q

Revolt 2

A

Dover, Eustace of Bologne, patronage.

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15
Q

Revolt 3

A
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16
Q

Revolt 4

A
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17
Q

Revolt 5

A
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18
Q

Revolt 6

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A

Northumberland. Earls Edwin and Morcar captured again?

19
Q

What was the Harrying of the North?

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A

Events: salt fields, burn houses, burn food,
Consequences: 1 million immigrants, mass starvation, no more rebellions really.

20
Q

What rebellions occurred after the Harrying?

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A

Barons.
Rebel in Welsh borders.

21
Q

What was the line of succession?

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A
  1. William 1
  2. William 2 Rufus, middle brother,
  3. Edward 2 eldest.
  4. This guy kills Edward in faked hunting accident.
22
Q

How did the feudal system work, what were the levels?

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A

King -
Barons - provide King with knights and taxes
Knights - provide barons with fighting service and taxes
Peasants/villeins - farm land for knights and pay taxes

23
Q

How did the government maintain control?

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A
  1. Witan council to make decisions kept.
  2. Oath of fealty dropped.
  3. Patronage.
  4. Legality.
24
Q

How did the legal system work?

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A

King’s court - murder, treason.
Barons courts -
Hundreds courts introduced - run by knights.
Shire courts -

25
What were some particular laws/enforcement methods?
1. Forest Law, peasants no longer allowed to hunt in the King's forests, unpopular as it meant they would lack food. 2. Murdrum fines, everyone in the area where a criminal was from would be fined. 3. Night watchmen could be bribed. 4. Local sheriff, key to stocks. 5. Stocks
26
What was the Domesday book?
First census, to evaluate Britain's wealth, resources, knights at King's disposal.
27
What was the social structure in Norman villages?
Knights. Leader. Freemen. Villeins. Bordars and Cotts.
28
What was the yearly routine like in Norman villages?
Harvest. Store. Plant. Growth.
29
What did Norman villages physically contain?
Castle. Church. Houses getting smaller with smaller plots of land. Livestock. Blacksmiths, mills.
30
What were Norman towns like?
1. Increase in number. 2. Guilds to organise trade and standardise introduced. 3. If villein lived there for a whole year they would become free, new rule. 4. They were dirtier and more disease ridden than AS villages due to overpopulation and overcrowding.
31
What was Nottingham like?
1. A Norman French borough and AS old town. 2. Two separate markets, two cathedrals. 3. Castle in the centre.
32
Why did William need to reform the English church?
1. Pluralism. 2. Simony. 3. Lack of celibacy. 4. Monks not strictly following codes. 5. Aethelwine replaced by Lanfranc.
33
What were the areas of life the Church affected?
1. Priests also gave medical advice, as well as guidance generally. 2. Everyday people paid tithes to churches. 3. Churches were like community centres. 4. Churches had courts to try civilians.
34
What were Lanfranc's reforms?
1. Remove ASs who did pluralism, simony and were not celibate. 2. Revive monasticism. 3. Build more churches and cathedrals. 4. Established primacy for himself as Archbishop of Canterbury over Thomas Archbishop of York.
35
How was the church structured?
Archbishops rule diocese. Bishops. Archdeacons rule deaconshires. Deacons. Priests.
36
What was Norman monasticism like?
1. Cluniac monastries brought in. 2. Benedictine rule, no speaking, grow own food, simple clothes, monk trim, study texts, celibacy, help others. 3. Only one illustration on page on first letter, change from AS illustration throughout. 4. Latin bible rolled out and it became the vernacular not English.
37
What was the relationship between William 1 and the Pope?
38
What was the relationship between William 2 and the Pope?
Least involved with the Pope. Profiting from the church and facilitated simony.
39
What was the relationship between Henry 1 and the Pope?
Lay Investiture Controversy.
40
Why did Normans build Durham Cathedral?
1. To consolidate power in the North, it was a hub for power to control Northumberland. 2. To act as a defensive position to defend from the Scots, Norwegians, the steep banks of the River Weir allowed this and geographical location. 3. To intimidate locals. 4. To prove their commitment to religion and claim the conquest as holy. 5. To reignite monasticism. 6. To bring England closer to Europe with the church.
41
What were the consequences of the Normans building Durham Cathedral?
1. Monasticism. 2. Control locals. 3. Proved religiousness. 4. Change to church structure.
42
What changes did the Normans bring to Durham Cathedral?
1. Monasticism. 2. Church structure.
43
Norman spend facts.
Ribbed vaults, arched ceiling, extra row of windows, more light and height. Romanesque style, regular carvings on pillars, inspired by St Peters Basillica, carvings around shrine. White church, Great church, Cathedral. St Cuthbert's shrine. River Weir steep banks. Kicked out monks who wouldn't leave their wives, brought in monks from Dover? Aethelwine, St Calais, Walcher, turgot

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