NORMATIVE VALUES

Question 1

Normal values for Na+

Answer 1

136-145

Question 2

Normal values for K+

Answer 2

3.5-5.1

Question 3

Normal values for Hb

Answer 3

M: 13.2 - 16.6
F: 11.6 - 15

Question 4

Normal values for CRP

Answer 4

0.3 - 1 / 0 - 5

Question 5

Normal values for WCC

Answer 5

4.5 - 11

Question 6

Normal values for platelets

Answer 6

150 - 450

Question 7

Normal values for neutrophils

Answer 7

2 -7

Question 8

Normal values for urea

Answer 8

2.5 - 7.8

Question 9

Normal values for creatinine

Answer 9

M: 0.74 - 1.35
F: 0.59 - 1.04

Question 10

What does abnormal creatinine levels indicate

Answer 10

kidney failure

Question 11

Normal values for D Dimer

Answer 11

less than 0.5

Question 12

What does abnormal D Dimer levels indicate

Answer 12

risk of blood clot

Question 13

Normal values for troponin T

Answer 13

0 - 0.01 nanograms/militires

Question 14

what does abnormal troponin T levels indicate

Answer 14

cardiac injury e.g. myocardial infarction

Question 15

What is BNP

Answer 15

B type Natrieutic Peptide

Question 16

Normal values for BNP

Answer 16

less than 100 picograms/ml

Question 17

what does abnormal BNP levels indicate

Answer 17

heart failure

Question 18

systemic way to review CXR

Answer 18

*A: Airways - check position and possible shifting of trachea and carina, ETT
*B: Bones - look for fractures and scoliosis
*C: Cardiac - heart size, width should be half of the width of the thorax, nice clear heart silhouette
*D: Diaphragm - right hemi diaphragm should be higher than left, check phrenic angles,
*E: Effusions = no/rounded phrenic angle
*F: Fields = compare size from right to left
*G: Gastric bubble
*H: Hardware

Question 19

Normal blood pH

Answer 19

7.35-7.45

Question 20

Normal CO2 in kPa

Answer 20

4.7-6

Question 21

normal HCO3- value

Answer 21

22-26 mEq/L

Question 22

normative paO2 values

Answer 22

10.6-14.6kPa

Question 23

normal BP range

Answer 23

120/80

Question 24

What BP indicates hypotension

Answer 24

hypotensive SBP <90, DBP <60

Question 25

what indicates hypertension

Answer 25

SBP >180, DBP >100

Question 26

How to detect orthostatic hypotensions

Answer 26

5 mins lying, 1 min standing, 3 min standing, > 20 SBP drop or > 10 DBP drop

Question 27

How is central venous pressure measured

Answer 27

Pressure in superior vena cava measured via central line

Question 28

what does CVP measure

Answer 28

CVP gives a crude estimate of left atrial pressure (LAP), measures venous return

Question 29

normal CVP range

Answer 29

5-15 cm H2O

Question 30

elevated CVP means

Answer 30

risk of heart failure, contractile dysfunction, valve abnormalities or dysrhythmias, fluid retention

Question 31

reduced CVP means

Answer 31

Hypovolemia, venodilation,

Question 32

normal PCWP (Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure)

Answer 32

PCWP – 4-12 mmHg

Question 32

purpose of PCWP

Answer 32

estimate left ventricular end diastolic pressure

Question 33

low FiO2

Answer 33

0.21-0.4

Question 34

Mid FiO2

Answer 34

0.4-0.6

Question 35

High FiO2

Answer 35

0.6-1.0

Question 36

Purpose of PEEP

Answer 36

Pressure in lungs at end expiration Compensate for increased dead space

Question 37

What should the PEEP be for hyerinflated conditions

Answer 37

under 5cm H20

Question 38

Normal inspiration: expiration ratio

Answer 38

1:2-3

Question 39

purpose of lengthening inspiration in I:E ratio

Answer 39

1:1 or 2:1 improves oxygenation

Question 40

purpose of lengthening expiration in I:E ratio

Answer 40

1:3-4 decreases gas trapping

Question 41

benefit of inverse ratio ventilation

Answer 41

I:E 2:1, Reduce shunting, improve V/Q mismatch , decrease dead space ventilation, increase mean airway pressure

Question 42

what can be observed at patient

Answer 42

Airway Look = - artificial (oxygen mask, tracheotomy, larygnectomy etc) Listen = heart gurgling Breathing Look = how are they breathing, accessory muscle, chest shape, movement pattern. Resp rate Listen = auscultation, ask them to cough feel - chest exapnsion -(build up of mucous - feel vibrations) Circulation Look - complexion, jugular venous pressure, ankle odema (heart failure) feel - cold hands, pulse Disability Look - how far can they walk, breathlessness before and after ADL Listen - speech Feel - measure strength, ROM