North America Flashcards

Question

Which two Napa AVAs typically produce the most concentrated, fullest-bodied Cabernet Sauvignons in the valley? Why?

Answer 1

Saint Helena AVA and Calistoga AVA They receive the warmest daytime temperatures.

Answer 2

Continental Proximity to large lakes help moderate the temperature extremes

Answer 3

Spring Mountain District AVA, Napa Valley Old-World, austere, severe and unapologetic. Philip Togni (approximately 80-85% Cabernet Sauvignon, plus Merlot, Cabernet Franc, and Petit Verdot) Tanbark Hill Cabernet Sauvignon, produced from younger vines. Ca' Togni, dessert wine made from "Black Muscat"

Answer 4

Chardonnay

Answer 5

Paso Robles AVA Rhone Varietals.

Answer 6

Sonoma County

Answer 7

Monte Bello Estate, Santa Cruz Mountains AVA / Lytton Springs Estate, Dry Creek Valley AVA Paul Draper

Answer 8

Walla Walla Valley AVA, Washington/Oregon

Answer 9

Santa Barbara County

Answer 10

Within Columbia Valley AVA Walla Walla AVA / Horse Heaven Hills AVA

Answer 11

Central Coast AVA

Answer 12

Howell Mountain AVA, Napa Valley Elevation - vineyards reach 2,100 ft. in elevation. Some of Napa's most rugged and tannic wines, requiring years to soften.

Answer 13

North Coast AVA

Answer 14

A. Domaine Drouhin, Chardonnay, Dundee Hills AVA, OR B. Evesham Wood, Pinot Noir, Eola-Amity Hills AVA, OR C. Beaux Fréres, Pinot Noir, Ribbon Ridge AVA, OR D. Bergstrom, Chardonnay, Wilammette Valley AVA, OR

Answer 15

Rubired (Tinto Cão X Alicante Ganzin): High yielding and intensifies color of wines. Ruby Cabernet (Cabernet Sauvignon X Carignan): Primarily used in blending, heat-resistant and adds color and tartness.

Answer 16

Napa County

Answer 17

Predominantly alluvial topsoil that is formed by the accumulation of wind-blown dust.

Answer 18

Central Coast, California Pinot Noir / Chardonnay Mills Vineyard, Mt. Harlan AVA Bien Nacido Vineyard, Santa Maria Valley AVA Muns Vineyard, Santa Cruz Mountains AVA

Answer 19

Paso Robles AVA The mountains lie east-west rather than north-south, encouraging sea breezes on to the mainland.

Answer 20

Walla Walla, WA Bionic Frog Syrah

Answer 21

Sutter Home Robert Mondavi Woodbridge

Answer 22

Sonoma County Pinot Noir / Chardonnay

Answer 23

- Proximity to Pacific Ocean breezes, maritime influence. No obstacles to block cooling effects. - Very long growing season (longest in California)

Answer 24

California Sonoma County

Answer 25

Dr. Konstantin Frank Hermann J. Wiemer Red Newt Cellars

Answer 26

Cabernet Sauvignon Rutherford makes the most concentrated wines because it receives the least influence from San Pablo Bay and is the warmest during the day.

Answer 27

Ribbon Ridge AVA, Wilammette Valley, Oregon Perspective Pinot Noir (made w/estate and purchased fruit) Lewis Rogers Lane Pinot Noir (estate fruit only) Pioneer Pinot Noir (made from clone 667) One Pinot Noir (made from a single fermenter)

Answer 28

Uneven ripeness in the bunch (Millerandage)

Answer 29

Heidi Barrett.

Answer 30

Los Carneros

Answer 31

The Cascade Mountains protect the more northern regions from the cooling effects of the Pacific Ocean. The rain shadow also results in Columbia Valley being very dry, with long daylight hours and consistent summer temperatures. Irrigation with river water is necessary.

Answer 32

Snake River AVA

Answer 33

Kendall Jackson Chardonnay

Answer 34

- Monterey - Paso Robles - Santa Maria Valley - Santa Ynez Hills - Santa Rita Hills

Answer 35

Los Carneros AVA Russian River AVA Sonoma Valley AVA Santa Cruz Mountains AVA Santa Maria Valley AVA

Answer 36

Walla Walla AVA / Columbia Valley AVA / Columbia Gorge AVA

Answer 37

VQA - Vintners Quality Alliance MUST use 100% grapes grown in that province MUST be 100% v. Vinifera or selected hybrids - broken down into smaller DVAs - Designated Viticultural Areas - divided into Regional appellations and then sub-appellations

Answer 38

Vitis labrusca Vitis rotundifolia Vitis aestivalis

Answer 39

St. Helena, Napa Valley Kronos

Answer 40

Southern part of Oregon.

Answer 41

Howell Mountain AVA Atlas Peak AVA Diamond Mountain District AVA Spring Mountain District AVA Mount Veeder AVA -They are cooled by altitude

Answer 42

Central Coast AVA Rhone Valley Blends (Syrah / Grenache / Mouvedre) "Le Cigare Volant" Randall Graham, the "Rhone Ranger"

Answer 43

Anderson Valley

Answer 44

Santa Maria Valley AVA and Santa Ynez Valley AVA

Answer 45

1. Morning fogs and cool afternoon breezes from San Pablo Bay. 2. Cool air from the Chalk Hill gap in the Mayacamas Mountains. 3. Cool night-time temperatures 4. High altitude in some AVAs.

Answer 46

Rodney Strong, Kosta Browne, and Kistler

Answer 47

Robert Mondavi

Answer 48

New York State

Answer 49

Lake Erie North Shore Prince Edward County Niagara Peninsula

Answer 50

E & J Gallo

Answer 51

4th largest (after France, Italy, Spain)

Answer 52

Riesling / Cabernet Franc / Gamay / Pinot Noir / Chardonnay

Answer 53

Calistoga AVA, Napa Valley The winery's Chardonnay placed first at the 1976 "Judgement of Paris", beating out many Grand Cru Burgundies and other California wines. In 2004, the winery was indicted by Wine Spectator for having systemic cork taint.

Answer 54

Santa Maria Valley. Burgundy and Rhone varietals. It is one of the major nurseries for certified, varietal budwood. Au Bon Climat

Answer 55

Diamond Mountain District AVA, Napa Valley. The first Napa Valley Estate to exclusively produce Cabernet Sauvignon. They were the first winery to crack the $100/bottle retail mark. Volcanic Hill / Red Rock / Gravelly Meadow Lake Vineyard

Answer 56

1. Chardonnay 2. Cabernet Sauvignon

Answer 57

Crossings and hybrid grape varieties created by Dr. Harold Olmo at UC Davis in the 1930's and 1940's, specifically designed for the California wine industry. Examples include: Rubired, Ruby Cabernet, Emerald Riesling.

Answer 58

Ontario - Niagara Peninsula British Columbia - Okanagan Valley

Answer 59

Columbia Valley

Answer 60

- Long sunny days, cool summers and mild winters. - Protection from maritime influence by Coastal Range. - Cool, temperate climate provided by being in a valley, Coastal Range to the west, Cascades to the East.

Answer 61

Finger Lakes AVA Long Island AVA Hudson River Valley AVA Lake Erie AVA

Answer 62

American Viticultural Area "Delimited grape growing areas." Refers to geographic location only, not varietal. First AVAs were named in the 1980's, beginning with Augusta, MO and Napa Valley, CA.

Answer 63

Cooler continental, w/ a super-cool ripening season. Sparkling wines made from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

Answer 64

Sta. Rita Hills AVA / Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara

Answer 65

Mendocino County

Answer 66

- Los Carneros (shared w/ Napa Valley) - Sonoma Valley - Sonoma Coast - Russian River Valley - Alexander Valley - Dry Creek Valley

Answer 67

Atlas Peak AVA Chiles Valley District AVA Howell Moutain AVA

Answer 68

Anderson Valley AVA Mendocino County

Answer 69

Niagara Escarpment Niagara-On-The-Lake

Answer 70

Sta. Rita Hills AVA, Santa Barbara Co. Richard Sanford and Michael Benedict That Santa Barbara is suitable for Pinot Noir cultivation.

Answer 71

Vidal Niagara Peninsula DVA, Ontario When made into a dry white wine, it has little character, but commonly used for Icewine production.

Answer 72

Because it is cooled by a breeze from San Fransisco Bay Old vine Zinfandel.

Answer 73

Robert Mondavi and Baron Philippe de Rothschild of Château Mouton-Rothschild. Oakville AVA, Napa Valley Opus One: Inaugural vintage 1979. Overture (multi-vintage second wine)

Answer 74

“Meritage,” = a term trademarked by the Meritage Alliance - Used by producers to indicate a premium blend in which no grape accounts for more than 90% of the wine. - Meritage wines may be red or white, but must be produced from Bordeaux varieties.

Answer 75

1. Chehalem Mountain 2. Ribbon Ridge 3. Dundee Hills 4. McMinnville 5. Eola-Amity Hills

Answer 76

Agoston Harszathy

Answer 77

Starboard Madera AVA, California

Answer 78

- The wine is labeled with an AVA; - The winery is located in that same AVA; - The winery owns or “controls” the vineyard; - The crushed, fermented, finished, and bottled the wine on the same property.

Answer 79

Central Valley

Answer 80

Anderson Valley, Mendocino Co. Richard Savoy in 1991 Pinot Noir and Chardonnay Littorai / Failla

Answer 81

Evesham Wood (Eola-Amity Hills AVA) St. Innocent (fruit sourced from various AVAs, Eola-Amity Hills, Yamhill-Carlton) Domaine Serene (Dundee Hills AVA)

Answer 82

Napa Valley “a hole” between Oakville, Howell Mountain, the Stags Leap District, Rutherford and Chiles Valley. Ovid / Bryant Family / Chappellet / Colgin

Answer 83

Francis Ford Coppola Rutherford AVA Cabernet Sauvignon

Answer 84

75% (90% for Oregon)

Answer 85

Oakville / Napa Valley

Answer 86

South Coast AVA Los Angeles County to the north, San Diego County to the south.

Answer 87

Pinot Gris

Answer 88

Oakville AVA / Napa Valley / California

Answer 89

West facing (Sun rises in East and sets in the West)

Answer 90

Mount Veeder AVA Spring Mountain District AVA Diamond Mountain District AVA

Answer 91

Pinot Noir Chardonnay

Answer 92

Willamette Valley AVA

Answer 93

Columbia River

Answer 94

White Vitis Labrusca Concord X Cassady

Answer 95

Lodi AVA and Dry Creek Valley AVA

Answer 96

Sonoma County Ripe, powerful styles of Zinfandel, aged in either American or French oak.

Answer 97

It has two distinct zones; - Cooler to the west, tempered by marine air funneled through the Templeton Gap. Warmer and more arid east of the Salinas River. - To the west, calcareous soils are higher in limestone. To the east, sandier and more fertile. - The west is famous for Zinfandel and Rhone varieties. - The east produces fruity wines for high-volume brands.

Answer 98

Bo Barrett

Answer 99

Newest and Smallest

Answer 100

**Beringer**: 1870's / St. Helena / First winery to offer tours and tastings after Prohibition. **Beaulieu Vineyards:** 1900's / Rutherford / Survived the Prohibition era by supplying sacramental wine to the Catholic Chucrch **Robert Mondavi:** 1960's / Oakville / First in Napa to employ French Oak exclusively for aging wine. **Joseph Phelps:** 1970's / St. Helena / One of the first winemakers to create a Bordeaux-style blend with his wine, "Insignia" **Charles Krug:** 1860's / St. Helena / Intoduced innovation to early winemaking in Napa, such as making wine using a cider press, carefully selected rootstocks, varietals and vineyard sites.

Answer 101

Columbia Valley AVA / Washington

Answer 102

Creates a protective rain shadow, which shields the eastern portion of WA state from rainy/cool weather originating in the Pacific Ocean. This creates a continental, high-desert climate w/hot cummers, v. cold winters and little rainfall.

Answer 103

Petaluma Gap AVA / Sonoma Coast AVA Kosta Brown

Answer 104

1. Caymus Cabernet Sauvignon 2. Kongsgaard "The Judge" Chardonnay 3. Harlan Estate Cabernet Sauvignon 4. Screaming Eagle Sauvignon Blanc

Answer 105

Dry (often with perceptible RS), Full Body, Moderate Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity, Elevated to High Alcohol -Jammy Red/Black fruit, dried berries, licorice.

Answer 106

A. Finger Lakes AVA / New York B. California (no official AVA) C. Columbia Valley AVA (and Walla Walla) / Washington D. Wilamette Valley AVA / Oregon

Answer 107

Russian River Valley AVA (Sonoma County)

Answer 108

Calistoga, Napa Valley Cabernet Blends / Pinot Noir / Sauvignon Blanc - Sémillon Blends / Chardonnay Cabernet: "Au Paradis" Pinot Noir: "Clos du Ciel" Sauvignon / Semillon: "Le Pavots" Chardonnay: "Mon Plaisir"

Answer 109

Moet & Chandon, ("Chandon") Mumm, Roederer, Taittinger ("Domaine Carneros")

Answer 110

Niagara Escarpment Niagara-On-The-Lake

Answer 111

It has two distinct zones; - Cooler to the west, tempered by marine air funneled through the Templeton Gap. Warmer and more arid east of the Salinas River. - To the west, calcareous soils are higher in limestone. To the east, sandier and more fertile. - The west is famous for Zinfandel and Rhone varieties. - The east produces fruity wines for high-volume brands.

Answer 112

* California is the largest producer * Sales of 25 million hL * 3.9 million hL exported – 90% of USA exports * 5900 grape growers * 4800 bonded wineries

Answer 113

Continental Proximity to large lakes help moderate the temperature extremes

Answer 114

Washington State.

Answer 115

Atlas Peak AVA Chiles Valley District AVA Howell Moutain AVA

Answer 116

Sta. Rita Hills - most westerly, famous Pinot Noir Ballard canyon - small - warmer - Syrah/Grenache Los Olivos - alluvial terraces, low diurnal range, Red varietals Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara - high altitude sites, high diurnal range - Cab Sav and Sauvignon Blanc

Answer 117

**Central Valley** * Very large growing area which entirely inland * Consists of two valleys – Sacramento valley and San Joaquin valley * Sacramento – northern part and 6,700 Ha. * San Joaquin valley – southern part and 61,000 Ha. * between coastal ranges and Sierra Nevada range

Answer 118

* AVAs are designated grape growing regions – with unique geological and geographical features

Answer 119

* **Ribbon Ridge AVA** * By far the smallest AVA in Willamette Valley * Island like ridge that rises 200m from the Chehalem Valley * Located in the west of Chehalem Valley AVA * Vineyards: * Low in nutrient * Protected from the wind by surrounding ranges * Consistently warm growing season * Sedimentary soil is relatively deep but low in nutrients * Soils have moderate water holding capacity * All of the above factors lead to concentrated ripe grapes

Answer 120

* **Climate** * the AVA is surrounded by water * Atlantic Ocean * Peconic Bay – the estuary between the two forks * Long Island Sound – between the island the Connecticut coast * The climate is maritime with a long growing season * The water bodies keep the temperatures higher due to their slow release of heat from the summer – lengthens the growing season * Unexpectedly able to ripen black grapes as a consequence * Northern Fork * is slightly warmer and more protected from Atlantic Ocean’s weather

Answer 121

* No. San Joaquin valley or Sacramento valley are NOT AVAs nor is Central Valley

Answer 122

Evesham Wood (Eola-Amity Hills AVA) St. Innocent (fruit sourced from various AVAs, Eola-Amity Hills, Yamhill-Carlton) Domaine Serene (Dundee Hills AVA)

Answer 123

1. Caymus Cabernet Sauvignon 2. Kongsgaard "The Judge" Chardonnay 3. Harlan Estate Cabernet Sauvignon 4. Screaming Eagle Sauvignon Blanc

Answer 124

Riesling Also Pinot Noir and Niagara.

Answer 125

Okanagan Valley

Answer 126

North Fork and Hamptons

Answer 127

Uneven ripeness in the bunch (Millerandage)

Answer 128

Pinot Gris

Answer 129

* **Rogue Valley AVA** * Further south and includes Applegate Valley sub-AVA * Close to the California border * Climate * Warmest and driest conditions of all Oregon’s growing regions * Cooling influence comes from altitude – 250 to 950mRL! * Altitude is provided by Klamath Mountains and Cascade Range * Cool afternoon and evening breezes drawn in from the Pacific Ocean through the Rogue River valley * Varietals * Wide range of varietals grown * Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Tempranillo and Pinot Noir

Answer 130

1. Chardonnay 2. Cabernet Sauvignon

Answer 131

* Zinfandel wines from old vine * Med+ to full bodied * Med+ acidity * Ripe flavours blackberry, black plum and cherry * Wines from west facing slopes or northerly have riper characters * Maturation in oak is typical * Good to outstanding quality – mid-priced to premium price

Answer 132

Columbia Valley

Answer 133

* **Santa Cruz mountains AVA** * part of the Coast Range mountains * includes three counties – Santa Clara, Santa Cruz and San Mateo * vineyards * mainly at high altitudes – up to almost 800 metres * planted along a ridge line * altitude helps to moderate the temperatures * cool air slips down the slopes at night – forcing warm air up and nights are relatively warm, and frost is prevented * Varieties * Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay and Pinot Noir are the most planted * Eastern side – warmer – better for Zinfandel, Cabernet S and Merlot * Wines * Good to outstanding in quality * Mid-priced to super premium priced! * Producers * Ridge Vineyards Mount Eden Vineyards

Answer 134

* Most important hybrid is Vidal Blanc * Bred from Ugni Blanc and Seyval Blanc * Produces the majority of Icewine * Can withstand Canada’s harsh winters * Has high acidity (not as high as Riesling) * Slow ripening and thick skins * Particularly suitable for sweet late-harvest wines and Icewine * Doesn’t have the aromatic complexity and ageing potential of the finest Riesling Icewines * Wines: * High acidity * Stone and tropical fruit flavours such as peach and mango

Answer 135

Mayacamas to the West. Vaca mountains to the East

Answer 136

Robert Mondavi and Baron Philippe de Rothschild of Château Mouton-Rothschild. Oakville AVA, Napa Valley Opus One: Inaugural vintage 1979. Overture (multi-vintage second wine)

Answer 137

- Proximity to Pacific Ocean breezes, maritime influence. No obstacles to block cooling effects. - Very long growing season (longest in California)

Answer 138

* **Eola-Amity Hills AVA** * is a ridge of north to south hills * hills are rocky volcanic basalt over sedimentary soil * east of the Van Duzer Corridor AVA * affected by the same cool ocean winds that impact Van Duzer AVA which leads to slower ripening * hillside vineyard sites – at 75-250mRL * due to a range of aspects and altitudes within the AVA – a greater variation in how the vineyards are impacted by the winds

Answer 139

1. Morning fogs and cool afternoon breezes from San Pablo Bay. 2. Cool air from the Chalk Hill gap in the Mayacamas Mountains. 3. Cool night-time temperatures 4. High altitude in some AVAs.

Answer 140

Saint Helena AVA and Calistoga AVA They receive the warmest daytime temperatures.

Answer 141

Los Carneros AVA Russian River AVA Sonoma Valley AVA Santa Cruz Mountains AVA Santa Maria Valley AVA

Answer 142

Paso Robles AVA The mountains lie east-west rather than north-south, encouraging sea breezes on to the mainland.

Answer 143

Walla Walla AVA / Columbia Valley AVA / Columbia Gorge AVA

Answer 144

* 2 regional appellations within Niagara Peninsula * **Niagara Escarpment and Niagara-on-the-Lake** * Must contain 85% from that appellation and balance from somewhere else in the Niagara Peninsula

Answer 145

Mount Veeder AVA Spring Mountain District AVA Diamond Mountain District AVA

Answer 146

Santa Maria Valley AVA and Santa Ynez Valley AVA

Answer 147

* Has a marginal climate – more so than California or Washington state * Most wine regions are situated in the western part of the state – just inland from Pacific Ocean * Coast range provides some protection from Pacific influences * Wines regions have a cool to moderate climate * Latitude of 42-46 degrees north * Influence of cold ocean currents and winds from the Pacific Ocean * Long daylight hours in the summer and autumn aid grape ripening * Most growing areas experience high levels of annual rainfall * Most rainfall falls in winter – summer months are generally dry * Willamette Valley – for example, 1000mm on average per year – only 200mm falls from April to September

Answer 148

North Coast AVA

Answer 149

* red wines * are matured in oak – mostly French * proportion of new oak is common to add vanilla and clove to the Bordeaux varieties, such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc * wines can be single varietal or blends

Answer 150

* Winter Freeze: * Where you have bitterly cold winters * vines are buried in areas like Prince Edward County * this is time consuming and labour intensive * can add significantly to production costs * in areas where the winters are not so bitterly cold they hill up soil around the vines to protect the graft unions

Answer 151

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay plus aromatic varieties, Gewurztraminer, Riesling, Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc in Alsace styles Reputed for good to outstanding quality Pinot Noir

Answer 152

* AVAs located in Transverse Ranges * A section of the Southern Coast ranges * Due to plate tectonic shifts – run east-west * Western side of ranges funnels in cooling breezes and fog eastward – lowering temperatures significantly * Western side cooler and windier than eastern side * Air circulation keeps the risk of fungal disease and frost low * Long growing season into Autumn

Answer 153

Riesling / Cabernet Franc / Gamay / Pinot Noir / Chardonnay

Answer 154

Cabernet Sauvignon Rutherford makes the most concentrated wines because it receives the least influence from San Pablo Bay and is the warmest during the day.

Answer 155

* **Viticulture** * Chardonnay is most planted * Then Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot, Syrah and Riesling * Frosts and winter freeze can be hazardous on valley floor * Plantings mainly on slopes * warmer sites better for black grapes, cooler for white grapes * Irrigation essential

Answer 156

* **North Fork** * Contains most of the vineyards – 65 wineries compared to just 5 in the Hamptons * Has sandy soils * Soils are free-draining and low in fertility * Vines trained and trellised to VSP Lower vigour than the Finger Lakes

Answer 157

* Regulatory control of distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages: * controlled at a state level * ceded control by the Federal govt. at the end of prohibition * states adopted the ‘three tier system’ preventing direct to retail sales by producers * there are drastically different rules over the fifty states! * Increasing number of states allow direct to consumer sales – and transport across state lines to the consumer

Answer 158

* **Yamhill-Carlton District AVA** * South facing bowl * Contains a series of horseshoe-shaped eroded hills composed of ancient sedimentary soil * 970Ha. planted * Vast majority is Pinot Noir * North west of Willamette Valley * Foothills of the Coast Range – forms a rain shadow over the entire area * The factors: * South-facing slopes – 60-300mRL * Warm free-draining sedimentary soils * Sheltered nature * Leads to wines with: * Riper fruit flavours * Fuller bodies * Lower acidity levels * Of many other AVAs

Answer 159

The Eyrie Vineyards "Papa Pinot" Dundee Hills AVA Pinot Gris

Answer 160

Lodi AVA and Dry Creek Valley AVA

Answer 161

Predominantly alluvial topsoil that is formed by the accumulation of wind-blown dust.

Answer 162

Mendocino County

Answer 163

* Varietal claims * must have 75% from that variety in the wine * **Appellation of origin** must be stated with varietal * **If two or more varietals then percentages must be stated on label**

Answer 164

Columbia River

Answer 165

Newest and Smallest

Answer 166

* Climate * Sheltered by the Cascade Mountain ranges * Creates an arid desert-like area * Only 150-250mm of rainfall! * Continental with hot summers, and rapid cooling in autumn and cold winters * Latitude of 46-48 degrees north so long daylight hours * High diurnal range helps to retain acidity

Answer 167

* **Wine labelling laws** * 75% must be made from the varietal on the label * 85% of the grapes must be from the AVA stated on the label * 95% of the grapes must be from the Vintage stated on the label

Answer 168

The fog helps valley floor sub regions cooler resulting in fresher fruit The fog and afternoon breezes come from San Pablo bay (northern extension of San Francisco Bay)

Answer 169

* Well known for Zinfandel * Some vines over 100 years old * Sandy soils have helped to reduce prevalence of phylloxera * Styles: medium to full-bodied, medium to medium+ acidity, ripe tannins, flavours of cherry, blueberry and blackberry

Answer 170

- Los Carneros (shared w/ Napa Valley) - Sonoma Valley - Sonoma Coast - Russian River Valley - Alexander Valley - Dry Creek Valley

Answer 171

* The ten largest wineries represent more than 90% of the wine sold domestically by volume!

Answer 172

Francis Ford Coppola Rutherford AVA Cabernet Sauvignon

Answer 173

Rubired (Tinto Cão X Alicante Ganzin): High yielding and intensifies color of wines. Ruby Cabernet (Cabernet Sauvignon X Carignan): Primarily used in blending, heat-resistant and adds color and tartness.

Answer 174

Crossings and hybrid grape varieties created by Dr. Harold Olmo at UC Davis in the 1930's and 1940's, specifically designed for the California wine industry. Examples include: Rubired, Ruby Cabernet, Emerald Riesling.

Answer 175

* **McMinnville AVA** * Located between Yamhill-Carlton AVA (north) and Van Duzer Corridor AVA (south) * Influenced by both AVAs * Some sites protected from Pacific Ocean influence by the Coast Range mountains * Other sites have some ocean influence as per Van Duzer Corridor AVA

Answer 176

Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)

Answer 177

* Appellation of origin * 75% of grapes must come from stated county, state, etc * Must state percentage of each varietal in each state if appellation crosses state borders! * **85% of grapes must be from vintage if vintage claim made**

Answer 178

Mediterranean

Answer 179

* Pinot Gris * Made in dry and off-dry styles * Current trend to drier styles * Range of winemaking techniques * Whole-bunch pressing and cool fermentation – create a fruity style * Use of skin contact, old barrels, lees contact to increase complexity and texture * Wines tend to be: * Medium to full-bodied * Medium to medium+ acidity * Pear, peach and melon fruit with a nutty, honeyed note * Good to very good quality * Mid-priced

Answer 180

Los Carneros AVA Russian River Valley AVA Santa Maria Valley AVA Willamette Valley AVA

Answer 181

E & J Gallo

Answer 182

Willamette Valley AVA

Answer 183

Napa County

Answer 184

* **60%** or 140 of AVAs are in California

Answer 185

Robert Mondavi

Answer 186

South Coast AVA Los Angeles County to the north, San Diego County to the south.

Answer 187

Howell Mountain AVA Atlas Peak AVA Diamond Mountain District AVA Spring Mountain District AVA Mount Veeder AVA -They are cooled by altitude

Answer 188

Anderson Valley AVA Mendocino County

Answer 189

Vidal Niagara Peninsula DVA, Ontario When made into a dry white wine, it has little character, but commonly used for Icewine production.

Answer 190

* **Pinot Noir** * Wide range of techniques employed * Increasing amount of whole bunch used * Plus some winemakers experimenting with: * Ambient yeast * Alternative fermentation and storage vessels – such as Amphorae * Wines: * Majority are matured in oak vessels * Proportion of new oak has decreased * Generally: * Medium+ acidity * Medium to medium+ tannins * High alcohol * Red cherry, raspberry to black cherry and plum * Good to outstanding quality * Premium priced to super premium * Bergstrom and Evening Land are significant producers

Answer 191

* **Significant amt of wine bottled is from imported must or wine** * Termed “International Canadian blends” * Can say “cellared in Canada” * but label must state imported wines were used

Answer 192

A. Finger Lakes AVA / New York B. California (no official AVA) C. Columbia Valley AVA (and Walla Walla) / Washington D. Wilamette Valley AVA / Oregon

Answer 193

Cabernet Sauvignon followed by Merlot then Chardonnay then Riesling

Answer 194

Dry (often with perceptible RS), Full Body, Moderate Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity, Elevated to High Alcohol -Jammy Red/Black fruit, dried berries, licorice.

Answer 195

* If an appellation is named on label: * 95% of grapes must come from that appellation & remainder from rest of British Columbia

Answer 196

Mediterranean climate moderated by Pacific fogs and cool sea winds (in places) that slow the ripening of grapes

Answer 197

California Sonoma County

Answer 198

Anderson Valley, Mendocino Co. Richard Savoy in 1991 Pinot Noir and Chardonnay Littorai / Failla

Answer 199

* Three primary appellations: * Niagara Peninsula * Lake Erie North Shore * Prince Edward County * If appellation is on any label; * 85% of grapes must have come from appellation * Balance must come from somewhere else in Ontario

Answer 200

Sonoma County

Answer 201

Pinot Gris - but it is decreasing in favour of Chardonnay

Answer 202

Diamond Mountain District AVA, Napa Valley. The first Napa Valley Estate to exclusively produce Cabernet Sauvignon. They were the first winery to crack the $100/bottle retail mark. Volcanic Hill / Red Rock / Gravelly Meadow Lake Vineyard

Answer 203

Southern part of Oregon.

Answer 204

Snake River AVA

Answer 205

Pinot Gris

Answer 206

Walla Walla Valley AVA, Washington

Answer 207

Pinot Noir - 40%

Answer 208

Howell Mountain AVA, Napa Valley Elevation - vineyards reach 2,100 ft. in elevation. Some of Napa's most rugged and tannic wines, requiring years to soften.

Answer 209

- Long sunny days, cool summers and mild winters. - Protection from maritime influence by Coastal Range. - Cool, temperate climate provided by being in a valley, Coastal Range to the west, Cascades to the East.

Answer 210

* **Wine production** * Wines from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, typically: * From Medium bodied, Medium alcohol, Medium + acidity, Fresher fruit * To full bodied, riper and higher alcohol styles * Good to outstanding in quality – mid-priced to super-premium in price * Merlot, Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon

Answer 211

Finger Lakes AVA, New York

Answer 212

* Significant increase in Vinifera plantings since late 1980s * Mainly Bordeaux varietals * Merlot, Cabernet Franc and some Cabernet Sauvignon * Plus Chardonnay, Pinot noir * and aromatic white varieties – Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer and Riesling

Answer 213

Dr. Konstantin Frank Hermann J. Wiemer Red Newt Cellars

Answer 214

Central Coast AVA

Answer 215

West facing (Sun rises in East and sets in the West)

Answer 216

* 6500 Ha. of grapes planted * 25% of Washington’s total grape production * Climate * As per Columbia Valley AVA * With sloped topography and Columbia River at southern border, both cause strong winds * Winds give some protection from frost and lower disease pressure and help to lengthen the growing season * Viticulture * 66% black grapes * Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot and Syrah * 34% white grapes * Chardonnay * Riesling * Most vineyard planted on south facing slopes * Slopes provide warm and sunny conditions * Wines Red wines: ripe, full bodied-red wines – often high

Answer 217

**Beringer**: 1870's / St. Helena / First winery to offer tours and tastings after Prohibition. **Beaulieu Vineyards:** 1900's / Rutherford / Survived the Prohibition era by supplying sacramental wine to the Catholic Chucrch **Robert Mondavi:** 1960's / Oakville / First in Napa to employ French Oak exclusively for aging wine. **Joseph Phelps:** 1970's / St. Helena / One of the first winemakers to create a Bordeaux-style blend with his wine, "Insignia" **Charles Krug:** 1860's / St. Helena / Intoduced innovation to early winemaking in Napa, such as making wine using a cider press, carefully selected rootstocks, varietals and vineyard sites.

Answer 218

Has significant altitude - 250 up to 950mRL

Answer 219

Umpqua Valley and Rogue Valley

Answer 220

- Monterey - Paso Robles - Santa Maria Valley - Santa Ynez Hills - Santa Rita Hills

Answer 221

* AVA quoted: * must be 85% of grapes from that AVA * wine must be fermented and finished in the state where AVA located * if Vintage stated – then 95% must be from that vintage

Answer 222

Key viticultural risks: * spring frost * drought – irrigation is installed in most vineyards * fungal diseases – but reduced due to low growing season rainfall * Bacterial Pierce’s disease – spread by leafhopper insects called sharpshooters * Bushfires can be an issue – especially due to the droughts of recent years

Answer 223

Chardonnay

Answer 224

Lake Erie North Shore Prince Edward County Niagara Peninsula

Answer 225

- 1976 - Steven Spurrier - Stag's Leap Cabernet Sauvignon and Chateau Montelena Chardonnay

Answer 226

* **Red Mountain AVA** * East of Yakima valley * Largest plantings * Relatively small AVA but most densely planted * Plantings on south-west facing slopes * Climate is amongst warmest in Washington * Soils are poor in nutrients * Careful irrigation – produces low yields of concentrated fruit * Black grapes dominate * Cabernet Sauvignon * Produce ripe, full-bodied wines * Often high levels of alcohol * High diurnal range helps to retain acidity

Answer 227

White Vitis Labrusca Concord X Cassady

Answer 228

* **Climate** * One of the coolest AVAs in the US * Continental climate – warm summers and cold winters * The 11 finger shaped lakes have a big impact on the AVA’s climate * The topography of the region – slopes towards the lakes * Enables cold air to drain towards the water * Lakes warm the air and rises creating a vacuum that draws more cold air off the land * The lakes can generate their own lake-effect snow which can also help insulate vines during the winter * Lakes provide a warming influence in the autumn enabling the grapes to ripen over a longer period and reduces the risk of autumn frosts * In the spring, cool air from the lakes delay budburst and reduce chance of damage in spring frosts

Answer 229

Walla Walla, WA Bionic Frog Syrah

Answer 230

15% by volume and 66% by value of exports

Answer 231

“Meritage,” = a term trademarked by the Meritage Alliance - Used by producers to indicate a premium blend in which no grape accounts for more than 90% of the wine. - Meritage wines may be red or white, but must be produced from Bordeaux varieties.

Answer 232

* **Climate** * Lake that moderates the hot summers and semi-arid condition * Range of climates cool northern end to hot desert in the south * one of the world’s most northerly wine region * Extreme continental climate; * Spring frosts an issue; vineyards planted on mid-level slopes to reduce risk of frosts * Summers hot, temps 40°C despite lake effect * Altitude: 300-600m; cooling creating a wide diurnal * Sub-appellations created to recognize the characteristics of sub regions * Rainfall: 300mm South & 400mm in North

Answer 233

* Top three of the big ten in the USA * E&J Gallo – 70 million cases * The Wine Group – 53 million cases * Constellation brands – 50 million cases

Answer 234

Ontario - Niagara Peninsula British Columbia - Okanagan Valley

Answer 235

Irrigated Rhone varietals not Pinot Noir

Answer 236

Within Columbia Valley AVA Walla Walla AVA / Horse Heaven Hills AVA

Answer 237

Sonoma County

Answer 238

* Cabernet Franc * The most planted Vitis vinifera black grape * Mid-ripening and winter hardy * Able to produce adequate yields of ripe grapes in most years * Less new oak maturation is being used * Some are now making a Cabernet Franc with no oak maturation * Tend to use French or Hungarian oak * Wines: * Medium- to medium body and tannins * Flavours of red cherry, cranberry and black plum * Sometimes with a herbaceous note * Often good to very good quality and mid-priced

Answer 239

* The wine laws that apply have been mentioned above but summarised: * Variety – must be 75% of variety but if: * **Locality** * State – if it says California – then 100% from that state * 75% of grapes from county if the county name is mentioned, i.e. Sonoma County * 85% of grapes from AVA if AVA name is mentioned * 95% of grapes from that vineyard if a single vineyard name used * **Vintage** * 95% of the grapes – from a stated vintage – if an AVA mentioned * 85% of the grapes – from a stated vintage – if a county or state mentioned * **Estate bottled** * If winery and vineyard in the same AVA * Lead to large AVAs being created so producers can use the term

Answer 240

Rodney Strong, Kosta Browne, and Kistler

Answer 241

* 270 wineries mainly in Ontario

Answer 242

Columbia Valley AVA / Washington

Answer 243

_Santa Ynez Valley AVA_ * Large AVA with both cool coastal and warm inland temperatures * Contains four sub AVAs * Sta. Rita Hills * Ballard Canyon * Los Olivos district * Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara

Answer 244

Creates a protective rain shadow, which shields the eastern portion of WA state from rainy/cool weather originating in the Pacific Ocean. This creates a continental, high-desert climate w/hot cummers, v. cold winters and little rainfall.

Answer 245

Rutherford AVA, Napa Valley Francis Ford Coppola Rubicon

Answer 246

Walla Walla Valley AVA, Washington/Oregon

Answer 247

Petaluma Gap AVA / Sonoma Coast AVA Kosta Brown

Answer 248

Lakes are much smaller than Ontario and have less impact on the local climate

Answer 249

Agoston Harszathy

Answer 250

Cooler continental, w/ a super-cool ripening season. Sparkling wines made from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

Answer 251

Napa Valley “a hole” between Oakville, Howell Mountain, the Stags Leap District, Rutherford and Chiles Valley. Ovid / Bryant Family / Chappellet / Colgin

Answer 252

Yamhill-Carlton District AVA, Oregon

Answer 253

* **VQA wines** * The VQA Act establishes the legal framework for the appellation within each region (min must weights, vinifera varieties) * Wines are tested for eligibility through sensory evaluation panel and laboratory analysis * Rules for regional & sub appellations vary by province but the rules are generally: * must be made from 100% grapes grown in respective province * 100% Vitis vinifera grapes or permitted hybrids (Vidal) * Single variety: 85% of variety * If Two or more varieties listed - must make up at least 95% * The VQA rules, administered by each Provincial government, determine which regional appellations can appear on the labels

Answer 254

Vitis labrusca Vitis rotundifolia Vitis aestivalis

Answer 255

Stags Leap Wine Cellars Cabernet Sauvignon 1973

Answer 256

Sonoma County Ripe, powerful styles of Zinfandel, aged in either American or French oak.

Answer 257

* **Dundee Hills AVA** * Most well known AVA – the first where Pinot Noir was planted * Series of volcanic hills – running north south with lateral ridges east-west * Vineyards from 60mRL to 325mRL * Altitude helps to retain acidity * AVA is warmer than others due to protection on the west (Coast range mountains) and north (Chehalem mountains) * Enables full fruit ripeness * Soils – high proportion of red iron-rich clay * Clay soils helps with water retention

Answer 258

* Three overarching AVAs * Northern Sonoma * Sonoma coast * Sonoma valley

Answer 259

Los Carneros

Answer 260

Lakes: * Most vineyards planted near lakes to moderate temps * Lake effect reduces risk of winter freeze by moderating the temperature * In Spring, water heats up slowly delaying budbreak until after spring frosts have passed * In Autumn, retains summer warmth into Autumn, extending the growing season * In Winter: * Moisture from lakes evaporate during winter and meets the cold ambient air * snow is formed; enough snow to cover & protect the vines by insulating them from cold air * the snow therefore covers and protects the vines * Climate change - increasingly unpredictable winters & in some years minimal protective cover of snow * Lakes cause higher levels of humidity; risk of fungal disease

Answer 261

* Foothills of the Coast Range – forms a rain shadow over the entire area * The factors: * South-facing slopes – 60-300mRL * Warm free-draining sedimentary soils * Sheltered nature * Leads to wines with: * Riper fruit flavours * Fuller bodies * Lower acidity levels * Of many other AVAs

Answer 262

* Wine production * Large scale production * Two biggest are: E&J Gallo and Bronco Wine company * Wines labelled with California appellation

Answer 263

Spring and autumn frosts

Answer 264

Central Coast, California Pinot Noir / Chardonnay Mills Vineyard, Mt. Harlan AVA Bien Nacido Vineyard, Santa Maria Valley AVA Muns Vineyard, Santa Cruz Mountains AVA

Answer 265

* Growing environment * Hot Mediterranean climate * Moderated temperatures with cooling afternoon winds from SF Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta * Breaks in north and south coast ranges allows breezes off the bay to travel far inland * Vineyards are on flatlands * Free draining sandy and clay loam soils * Low rainfall – irrigation used Windy conditions reduce fungal diseases and frost

Answer 266

Mendocino County Dos Rios AVA / Covelo AVA

Answer 267

* Laws * 100% of grapes must be grown in Oregon to be labelled Oregon wine * 95% of grapes must be from AVA to be labelled with that AVA (normally 85%) * 90% of the grapes must be that variety to be labelled as such (75% normally) * 100% of grapes for a wine to be labelled as ‘estate-bottled’ must be grown in the wineries AVA and fully finished at the estate

Answer 268

Syrah and Peloursin Durif

Answer 269

Sutter Home Robert Mondavi Woodbridge

Answer 270

Because it is cooled by a breeze from San Fransisco Bay Old vine Zinfandel.

Answer 271

Central Valley

Answer 272

* **VQA wines** * must be made from grapes grown in respective province * The VQA Act establishes the legal framework for the appellation within each region (min must weights, vinifera varieties) * Wines are tested for eligibility through sensory evaluation panel and laboratory analysis * Rules for regional & sub appellations vary by province * The VQA rules determine which regional appellations can appear on the labels * 100% Vitis vinifera grapes or permitted hybrids (Vidal) * Single variety: 85% of variety * If Two or more varieties listed - must make up at least 95%

Answer 273

* Hazards: * Low phylloxera risk due to sandy soils * Low disease and pest pressure due to the arid conditions and very cold winters – reduces use of pesticides * Frosts and winter freezes are the main hazards – vineyards planted on the slopes to avoid them

Answer 274

Los Carneros Anderson Valley

Answer 275

The Cascade Mountains protect the more northern regions from the cooling effects of the Pacific Ocean. The rain shadow also results in Columbia Valley being very dry, with long daylight hours and consistent summer temperatures. Irrigation with river water is necessary.

Answer 276

Vintage: 85% (95% for Oregon) Variety: 75% (90% for Oregon) **Location** AVA: 85% (95% for Oregon, or Washington is grapes are coming from a shared AVA) Vineyard: 95%

Answer 277

**Icewine** * Largest producer of Icewine * Ontario accounts for vast majority of Production * **Law states** * that Grapes must be harvested at -8°C or below * no chaptalization allowed * can only be made from grapes frozen naturally on the vine * made from grapes exclusively grown in Canada * from either vinifera frapes or Vidal * minimum sugar levels are prescribed * no artificial concentration or addition of sugars * Some harvested by hand; as labour is difficult to find, machine harvested * Freezing concentrates sugars; * **Wines** * High levels of sugar means that ferment stops at 9-11% abv and 200-250g/l; * Varieties used should have high natural Acidity * Most made from Vidal * The most complex, well-balanced examples are from Riesling * best have intense aromas of stone and tropical fruit – peach and mango * command premium and super-premium prices * **Winemaking** * Often fermented & stored in SS to retain fruit aromas; * oak sometimes used to and extra flavours of spice, vanilla * Expensive to produce * Yields are very low; 10% of still wine production; * Dehydrating grapes, damaged or lost to bad weather while waiting for temps to drop to -8° * Chaptilisation is prohibited

Answer 278

* Riesling * Most planted and reputed V. vinifera grape variety * Some producers make a range of Riesling wines – from dry to sweet * Wines have: * High acidity * Medium- to medium body * Fresh flavours of apple, lemon and peach * Alcohol levels range from low to medium – depending on style made * Winemaking uses protective techniques and fermented at cool temperatures in stainless steel * Some use a few hours of skin contact to enhance flavour and texture plus maybe some lees contact to enhance texture * Sweet wines are made using some late-harvesting, botrytis and/or stopping fermentation early * Wines are good to very good with some outstanding examples in quality * Mid-priced to premium price

Answer 279

American Viticultural Area "Delimited grape growing areas." Refers to geographic location only, not varietal. First AVAs were named in the 1980's, beginning with Augusta, MO and Napa Valley, CA.

Answer 280

* Northern border – three multistate AVAs – Columbia Gorge, Columbia Valley and Walla Walla Valley * Eastern border – Snake river Valley AVA

Answer 281

Vintners Quality Alliance

Answer 282

Monte Bello Estate, Santa Cruz Mountains AVA / Lytton Springs Estate, Dry Creek Valley AVA Paul Draper

Answer 283

* **Monterey AVA** * 80 miles long – largest in Monterey County * Majority of AVA follows Salinas River valley * **Climate** * Salinas valley opens directly to Monterey Bay * Water in the bay is particularly cold * Afternoons/evenings in Salinas valley can be particularly cool and windy * North of the valley is the coolest * **Soils** * Sandy loam and gravel and free draining * **Viticulture** * Low growing season rainfall means irrigation is essential sourced from the Salinas river * Northern areas – cooler – planted to Pinot Noir and Riesling * Further south/inland - planted to Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah and Zinfandel * Chardonnay is planted in all sites – 50% of all plantings! * **Wines** * Production of mainly inexpensive and mid-priced high-volume wines * Used in either Monterey wines or cross-regional blends

Answer 284

New York State

Answer 285

Russian River Valley AVA (Sonoma County)

Answer 286

in the north east of the AVA up against the Blue Mountain foothills, with altitude up to 600mRL

Answer 287

* Most planted white VINIFERA: * Riesling: * High Acidity; citrus, peach, floral * Range from dry to sweet * Chardonnay: * Medium (+) to High Acidity; * Apple, Citrus, typical of cooler climate; although some stone fruit, tropical found in warmer sites

Answer 288

75% (90% for Oregon)

Answer 289

Central Coast AVA Rhone Valley Blends (Syrah / Grenache / Mouvedre) "Le Cigare Volant" Randall Graham, the "Rhone Ranger"

Answer 290

* Seven sub-AVAs * **Mokelumne River AVA** * Contains the majority of wineries * And most of the old vine Zinfandel vines * If using a sub AVA name – then Lodi must appear on the label

Answer 291

* **Umpqua Valley AVA** * Northern part of Southern Oregon AVA * At confluence of the three mountain ranges * Coast range * Cascade range * Klamath Mountains * The Umpqua river flows through the region * Diverse range of vineyard sites with different altitudes – 50 to 400mRL, different aspects and soils * **Climate** * Northern area is relatively cool for southern Oregon * Due to northern location with the area * Cool afternoon breezes that blow through the Umpqua river gorge * **Production** * Northern area * Mainly produces Pinot Noir plus Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer and Riesling * Central and southern area * Warmer area – red wines from Syrah, Merlot and Tempranillo

Answer 292

Los Carneros AVA Coombsville AVA Oak Knoll District AVA Yountville AVA Stags Leap District AVA Oakville AVA Rutherford AVA Saint Helena AVA Calistoga AVA

Answer 293

* **Wine Business** * 2^nd largest wine producer in the USA * Annual volume of 1.4 to 1.6 mhL * Over last 40 years evolved from Riesling to now producing a range of Bordeaux and Rhone varietals * 10 wineries in 1975 to 200 in 2000, now 940! * Now 22,000 Ha. – had doubled since 2000! * One large company – Ste. Michelle Wine Estates (produces .81mhL) * Most wine is sold in the state – exports very small * Only the largest wineries are sold throughout the USA

Answer 294

Sta. Rita Hills AVA, Santa Barbara Co. Richard Sanford and Michael Benedict That Santa Barbara is suitable for Pinot Noir cultivation.

Answer 295

* **Hazards** * The high humidity means fungal diseases are problematic * Windy weather in coastal sites can help * But options to control it such as spraying, leaf removal to improve air circulation around the grapes, and sorting grapes in the vineyard or winery

Answer 296

* Wines: * Majority are matured in oak vessels * Proportion of new oak has decreased * Generally: * Medium+ acidity * Medium to medium+ tannins * High alcohol * Red cherry, raspberry to black cherry and plum * Good to outstanding quality * Premium priced to super premium

Answer 297

Climate influenced by two key factors: * Ranges of Mountains running along length of the state * Californian current – bringing cold water from North, which upwells at the coast

Answer 298

* **Chehalem Mountains AVA** * Defined by a ridge in northern Willamette Valley * 20 miles in length and 5 miles in breadth * Runs south east to north west * Vineyards between 60 and 305 mRL * Ridge at 500mRL provides a windbreak * Diversity of vineyard sites – range of altitude, aspects, soils types * Most plantings of any sub AVA Large number of wineries

Answer 299

* All have vineyards on elevated ridges – enable air flow and avoid winter freezes and frosts

Answer 300

Santa Barbara County

Answer 301

The USA has Appellations of Origin which are based on political boundaries * **75% min**. of the grapes used to make the wine must be from county/appellation * Wine must be fully finished in the state that appellation exists

Answer 302

Finger Lakes AVA Long Island AVA Hudson River Valley AVA Lake Erie AVA

Answer 303

Oakville AVA / Napa Valley / California

Answer 304

* **Van Duzer Corridor AVA** * South west of Willamette Valley * Break in the Coast Range funnels in Pacific Ocean winds during the afternoon, cooling the vineyard * Early in the season the winds can disrupt flowering and fruit set * Later in the season the winds can cause the vine leaf stomata to shut and slow ripening * It also reduces disease pressure * Soils are marine sediment loam and silt, shallow and well-draining

Answer 305

4th largest (after France, Italy, Spain)

Answer 306

Pinot Noir Chardonnay

Answer 307

* Monterey County * Vineyards are in the large Salinas valley * Run from Monterey bay to San Luis Obispo county in south * Includes Monterey AVA, Santa Lucia highlands, Chalone, Arroyo Seco and Carmel valley

Answer 308

- The wine is labeled with an AVA; - The winery is located in that same AVA; - The winery owns or “controls” the vineyard; - The crushed, fermented, finished, and bottled the wine on the same property.

Answer 309

* white wines * Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling and Pinot Gris * Made in a dry, light-bodied style * Fermented at cool temperatures in stainless steel * Made in a fruity, unoaked style for early consumption * Chardonnay * Unoaked style or fermented/matured in oak * Often MLF and lees ageing * Creates a fuller-bodied, creamy, toasty style * Med+ acidity

Answer 310

1. Chehalem Mountain 2. Ribbon Ridge 3. Dundee Hills 4. McMinnville 5. Eola-Amity Hills

Answer 311

Cellar Door sales - local tourism from New York city and Hamptons

Answer 312

Calistoga AVA, Napa Valley The winery's Chardonnay placed first at the 1976 "Judgement of Paris", beating out many Grand Cru Burgundies and other California wines. In 2004, the winery was indicted by Wine Spectator for having systemic cork taint.

Answer 313

1. Los Carneros 2. Coombsville 3. Stag's Leap District 4. Calistoga

Answer 314

430,000 Ha. 4th biggest

Answer 315

* Top three of the big ten in the USA * E&J Gallo – 70 million cases * The Wine Group – 53 million cases * Constellation brands – 50 million cases

Answer 316

**The US wine market today** * World’s largest wine market today * Highest import value – 5.2 billion Euro * But low consumption per head – 11 litres per head * 4^th largest producer – but 8^th largest exporter * Over 60% of American wine is consumed domestically * 10,000 wineries across the country * The ten largest wineries represent more than 90% of the wine sold domestically by volume!

Answer 317

* Regulatory control of distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages: * controlled at a state level * ceded control by the Federal govt. at the end of prohibition * states adopted the ‘three tier system’ preventing direct to retail sales by producers * there are drastically different rules over the fifty states! * Increasing number of states allow direct to consumer sales – and transport across state lines to the consumer

Answer 318

32 to 42 degrees North

Answer 319

Key viticultural risks: * spring frost * drought – irrigation is installed in most vineyards * fungal diseases – but reduced due to low growing season rainfall * Bacterial Pierce’s disease – spread by leafhopper insects called sharpshooters * Bushfires can be an issue – especially due to the droughts of recent years

Answer 320

Grape varieties: Chardonnay 20%, Cab sv 20%, Zinfandel 8.5%, Merlot 8%, Pinot Noir 7.5% But Cabernet Sauvignon plantings increasing, likely overtake Chardonnay 63% of grapes used for winemaking are black grapes

Answer 321

Chardonnay - followed by Sauvignon Blanc

Answer 322

**Chardonnay (just under 20% of total Californian plantings)** * Made in a full spectrum of styles * Site climate, winemaking practices and price dictate the style * Sites that specialize in Chardonnay tend to be closer to the coast for its cooling influence * Premium Chardonnays * Medium to full bodied in styles * Pronounced flavours of peach, pineapple * Secondary flavours of malolactic and new oak * Sometimes a ‘struck match’ note from lees contact is sought (volatile Sulphur compound) * Inexpensive Chardonnays * Made in a soft, easy drinking style * Medium acidity, with a slight residual sugar * Often unoaked or with oak alternatives

Answer 323

**Zinfandel** * Considered a signature varietal of California * Old-vine Zinfandel – some over 100 years old (Dry Creek Valley) * Can suffer from uneven ripening, so can have jammy and fresh flavours intermingled * Premium Zinfandel: * Medium+ acidity * Med to full bodied * Ripe med+ tannins * Raspberry, blueberry and blackberry * Often vanilla, coconut notes from American oak maturation * Inexpensive Zinfandel – soft ripe and often jammy * ‘White Zin’ * From central valley * Zinfandel made into a Rose * Made by: * Short maceration * Ferment in stainless steel and cool temps * Stopped the ferment at medium dry sweetness * Alcohol 10.5-11 degrees abv * Medium acidity and tannins with fruity plummy character

Answer 324

E&J Gallo – largest wine company in the world (70M cases) · Founded in Modesto · Owns Barefoot Cellars, largest selling brand

Answer 325

Climate o Warm during the day but cold air and fog funnelled in during evenings o Airflow is along the Navarro River o Further inland less maritime influence and is warmer o Rainfall is high – 900-2000mm o Most rainfall in winter and spring

Answer 326

* Wine production * Pinot Noir is highly rated * Style vary by site climate, clones and harvesting times * Generally: * Fresh raspberry, cherry, plum fruit * Medium body and med+ acidity * Good to outstanding quality, premium to super premium priced * Also aromatic Alsace style wines * Gewurztraminer, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Pinot Blanc * 85 wineries in AVA

Answer 327

* Three overarching AVAs * Northern Sonoma * Sonoma coast * Sonoma valley * These large AVAs overlap and have smaller AVAs in them * Allow wineries to use ‘estate bottled’ and still use the word Sonoma on the label as the winery and vineyards can be far apart * If a wine comes entirely from an AVA within Sonoma county then that must appear on the label along with the name of AVA!

Answer 328

* **Viticulture** * Coolest parts – southern and western parts – planted mainly to Pinot Noir and Chardonnay * Top quality fruit produced – AVA has been expanded twice * Now over 7,200 Ha. planted in 2013

Answer 329

* Chardonnays * Medium to med+ body * Med+ acidity * Ripe peach and pineapple * Creamy and spicy flavours from MLF and oak maturation

Answer 330

* **Green valley of Russian river valley AVA** * Located next to Petaluma Gap * In the south west of the Russian river AVA * Gets first fogs in the afternoon and is the last to lose it in the morning * Has come of the coolest conditions in northern California * Free draining, low nutrient sandstone soils – limits the vigour and creating small concentrated grapes * Wines * Pinot Noir and Chardonnay most planted in AVA * Used in both still and sparkling * Similar in style to Russian river valley AVA – but wines have higher acidity and fresher fruit flavours

Answer 331

* **Chalk Hill AVA** * North east corner of the Russian river valley AVA * Hilly area with some blocking of ocean influence and is further inland than other parts of the Russian river valley AVA * Warmer climate than surrounding areas * Soil is white volcanic ash * Vineyards planted on the valley floor and up to 500mRL * Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc most planted

Answer 332

**Petaluma Gap AVA** * Defined by its wind conditions * Located in southern Sonoma County and northern Marin county * Extends from the gap in the Northern Coast range to San Pablo Bay * Open to the sea at both ends – high speed coastal winds flow throughout the AVA * Boundaries defined according to an area that maintains a persistent wind of at least 8 miles per hour * **Viticulture** * The winds lower temperatures are strong enough to close leaf stomata and slow respiration and photosynthesis * Pinot Noir comprises 75% of all plantings – followed by Chardonnay and Syrah * **Wines** * Tend to have high acidities, fresh fruit flavours and often lower alcohol compared to more sheltered, inland appellations

Answer 333

* South eastern corner of Sonoma county – bordered in the east by Mayacamas mountains and Sonoma mountain range in the west

Answer 334

* Has a few small AVAs with it: * Bennett valley * Sonoma mountain * Western end of Los Carneros

Answer 335

* **Sonoma Mountain AVA** * on Western side of the Sonoma Valley AVA * **Climate** * Cold air coming down from the mountains can give cool nights, helping to retain acidity * **Soils** * Volcanic in origin, low in nutrients and free draining * Soils help to control vigour and yields * **Vineyards** * Planted up to 730m – above the fog line – expose grapes to intense sun and warm daytime temperatures * Give ripe flavours, tannins and deep colour * Planted mainly on east facing, steep slopes * **Wines** * Concentrated ripe Cabernet Sauvignon * Plus Merlot, Zinfandel and Syrah * Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc and Semillon planted on the cooler sites - west side of the AVA with more ocean influence

North America Flashcards

(390 cards)