North Korea: 1945-Present

Question 1

What were the “4 modernizations” that the North Korean government aggressively pursued in the 1960s?

Answer 1

• mechanization
• electrification
• irrigation
• chemicalization
• result: input-intensive agriculture and dependent on the availability of imports and the industrial sector

Question 2

What is PDS?

Answer 2

• public distribution system
• collapsed in the 1990s (during the famine)
• for urban North Korea: PDS was the only access to food

Question 3

What is the Three Revolutions Team Movement?

Answer 3

• 1973 Cultural Revolution-type movement
• sent young Communists to start “ideological, cultural, and technical education of farm households”
• began new rural schools, new officials, and required enrollment in chuch’e curriculum programs

Question 4

What is corporatism?

Answer 4

• compared to fascism by Cummings, 1968 Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
• some describe it as the “antithesis” of liberal politics
• traditional corporatism: hierarchy, organic connection, family (3 themes); (3 images) political fatherhood, body politic, and the great chain

Question 5

What is chollima?

Answer 5

• the “Flying Horse” movement
• ## compare to China’s “Great Leap Forward”

Question 6

What is the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty?

Answer 6

• 1985, North Korea joined under pressure from Soviet Union (through the United States)
• 1970s/80s treaty to curb nuclear weapons making in Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East
• 1985, Soviet Union persuaded DPRK with 4 full-sized nuclear power plants
• USA pushed this treaty

Question 7

What is the IAEA?

Answer 7

• International Atomic Energy Agency
• 1957, by President Eisenhower (Atoms for Peace)
• agreement to monitor nuclear power sources in exchange for non-weaponry nuclear power
• failed at monitoring Iraq

Question 8

What is the Sunshine Policy?

Answer 8

• South Korea’s policy toward North Korea
• established new forms of communication and aid to North Korea
• started with Kim Young Sam, president of South Korea (February 1993)

Question 9

What is Team Spirit?

Answer 9

• U.S. officer called it “our Super Bowl”
• military parade
• started in 1976, after the Vietnam withdrawal
• reassure South Korea and deter North Korea
• Jan 1992, President Bush offered to cancel Team Spirit if NK pledged to adhere to the NPT and safeguards agreements
• NK saw it as preparation for an invasion
• Was canceled in 1992, but Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney delayed the withdrawal of 6,000 troops and made other military exercises larger
• resumed in 1993 after SK felt another stalemate with NK-USA and NK failing to allow inspections and be forthright like South Africa about their nuclear testing

Question 10

What is Yongbyun?

Answer 10

• nuclear power plant in North Korea
• the main site of the IAEA’s safeguards agreements
• where the nuclear testing occurred with the reactor given to NK by the Soviet Union (1965)
• 1980 discovered by satellite
• reactor was small; reprocessing plant
• factory was called a “furniture factory” but began nuclear testing operations in 1967
• testing began after Kim Il Sung declared self-reliance and

Question 11

Who is Kim Young San?

Answer 11

• North Korean
• Korean Workers’ Party secretary for international affairs
• direct counterpart to US Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Arnold Kanter
• bilateral talks between US-NK
• 1992
• 6 feet tall, rose through military ranks
• was once sent to coal mines for teaching Western dances

Question 12

What is the Trading with the Enemy Act?

Answer 12

• started after the Korean War
• became law
• designed to cut off all economic contact with Pyongyang
• USA considered phasing it out

Question 13

What is the Presidential Review 8?

Answer 13

• ## the nonproliferation policy chaired by Daniel Poneman

Question 14

What is the National Security Review 28?

Answer 14

• USA’s policy toward NK during the Bush (daddy) administration
• Feb 1991
• motive was better relations with NK if NK gave up nuclear weapons
• discourage NK aggression
• encourage North-South talks
• have NK adhere to nonproliferation agreements and remove NK’s access to nuclear reprocessing and enrichment tech
• recognized that the nuclear weapons in NK would hinder USA-NK bilateral talks

Question 15

Who is Daniel Poneman?

Answer 15

• first senior director of the USA’s Non-Proliferation and Export Controls office (under Clinton)
• formerly of the Bush admin Department of Energy, a trained lawyer, National Security Council (UN)
• worked on nonproliferation issues under Arnold Kanter (Senior Director for Defense Policy and Arms Control)

Question 16

Who is Kim Young Sam?

Answer 16

• former South Korean president, February 25, 1993 - February 24, 1998
• pushed the Sunshine Policy
• opposition party that merged with President Roh Tae Woo’s ruling party
• elected over Kim Dae Jung
• boasted a “New Korea”
• known as a person who “borrowed other people’s brains” and this was seen as an explanation as to why his policies were “inconsistent”
• conservative views toward NK because his mother was killed in an armed robbery 40 years prior
• more comfortable with domestic rather than foreign policy
• but for NK, his advisors were not connected to past Korean “regimes”

Question 17

Who is part of Kim Young Sam’s “Gang of Four”?

Answer 17

• Han Sung Joo (foreign minister) from Korea University - PhD from UC Berkeley - gov’t advisor on North-South relations and USA foreign policy - MOST influential in shaping SK’s NK policy
• Han Wan Sang (deputy prime minister and unification minister) - controversial for campus radicalism -

Question 18

What is the KPA?

Answer 18

• Korean People’s Army
• North Korea