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Y4 Neuro and special senses > Nose > Flashcards

Nose Flashcards

1
Q

What is sinusitis ?

A

It describes the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses.

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2
Q

What are some predisposing factors for sinusitis ?

A

Nasal obstruction
Recent local infection
Swimming / diving
Smoking

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3
Q

What are some features of sinusitis ?

A

Facial pain - frontal pain which is worse on bending forward
Nasal discharge - thick and purulent
Nasal obstruction

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4
Q

What is the management of sinusitis ?

A

Analgesia
Intranasal decongestants

If longer than 10 days intranasal corticosteroids can be given

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5
Q

What is allergic rhinitis ?

A

An inflammatory disorder of the nose where the nose become sensitised to allergens such as house dust mites and pollen.

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6
Q

What are the classes of allergic rhinitis ?

A

Seasonal
Perennial
Occupational

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7
Q

What are some features of allergic rhinitis ?

A

Sneezing
Bilateral nasal obstruction
Clear nasal discharge
Post nasal drip
Nasal pruritis

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8
Q

What is the management of allergic rhinitis ?

A

Allergen avoidance
Antihistamines
If severe - IV corticosteroids

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9
Q

What is chronic rhinosinusitis ?

A

Affects 1 in 10 people
Defined as an inflammatory disorder of the paranasal sinuses and linings of the nasal passages that lasts longer than 12 weeks.

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10
Q

What are some predisposing factors for chronic rhinosinusitis ?

A

Atopy - hay fever
Nasal obstruction - septal deviation and polyps
Recent local infection
Swimming / diving
Smoking

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11
Q

What are some features of chronic rhinosinusitis ?

A

Facial pain
Nasal discharge
Nasal obstruction - mouth breathing
Post nasal drip

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12
Q

What is the management of chronic sinusitis ?

A

Avoid allergen
Intranasal corticosteroids
Nasal irrigation with saline solution

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13
Q

What are some red flag symptoms for chronic sinusitis ?

A

Unilateral symptoms
Persistent symptoms despite compliance with 3 months of treatment
Epistaxis

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14
Q

What is an anterior nose bleed ?

A

It has a visible source of bleeding and usually occurs due to an insult to the network of capillaries that form Kiesselbach’s plexus.

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15
Q

What is a posterior nose bleed ?

A

They tend to be more profuse and originate from deeper structures.

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16
Q

What are some causes of epistaxis ?

A

Nose picking or blowing
Trauma
Insertion of foreign bodies
Bleeding disorders
Cocaine use

17
Q

What is the first aid management of epistaxis ?

A

Asking the patient to sit forward and open their mouth
Pinch the cartilaginous area of the nose firmly

18
Q

What is the management of epistaxis if not resolved in 10-15 minutes ?

A

Cautery if the bleed is visible
Packing

19
Q

What is the management of epistaxis if all other treatment has failed ?

A

Sphenopalatine ligation in theatre

20
Q

What are nasal polyps associated with ?

A

Asthma
Aspirin sensitivity
Infective sinusitis
CF
Kartagener’s syndrome

21
Q

What is Samter’s triad ?

A

Asthma
Aspirin sensitivity
Nasal polyposis

22
Q

What are some features of nasal polyps ?

A

Nasal obstruction
Rhinorrhoea
Sneezing
Poor sense of small and taste

23
Q

What are some unusual features of nasal polyps that require further investigation ?

A

Unilateral symptoms
Bleeding

24
Q

What is the management of nasal polyps ?

A

ENT referral
Topical corticosteroids - shrink the polyps

25
Q

What is a nasal septal haematoma ?

A

An important complication of nasal trauma that should always be looked for.
Development of a haematoma between the septal cartilage and the overlying perichondrium.

26
Q

What are some features of a nasal septal haematoma ?

A

Sensation of nasal obstruction
Pain or Rhinorrhoea
Bilateral, red swelling from the nasal septum

27
Q

What is the management of nasal septal haematoma ?

A

Surgical drainage
IV abx

28
Q

If nasal septal haematomas aren’t treated what may develop ?

A

Irreversible septal necrosis within 3-4 days
This may result in a saddle nose deformity

29
Q

What is the most common type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma ?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

30
Q

What are some risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma ?

A

Southern china
EBV

31
Q

What are some features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma ?

A

Otalgia
Unilateral serous otitis media
Nasal obstruction, discharge and / or epistaxis
Cranial nerve palsies

32
Q

What imaging is performed for nasopharyngeal carcinoma ?

A

Combined CT and MRI

33
Q

What is the first line management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma ?

A

Radiotherapy

Y4 Neuro and special senses (6 decks)

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