Nose, Mouth, and Throat Assessments

Question 1

turbinates

Answer 1

increase surface area so that more blood vessels and mucous membranes are available to warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air

Question 2

meatus

Answer 2

the clef under each turbinate

Question 3

middle meatus

Answer 3

sinus drainage

Question 4

inferior meatus

Answer 4

where tears from the nasolacrimal duct drain

Question 5

what are the two sinuses that are accessible to examination?

Answer 5

frontal and maxillary

Question 6

paranasal sinuses

Answer 6

• air filled pockets with in the cranium

- Function: lighten skull, resonate sound production, provide mucus

Question 7

which sinuses are present at birth?

Answer 7

maxillary and ethmoid

Question 8

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

Answer 8

maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

Question 9

parotid gland

Answer 9

• lies within the cheeks in front of the ear extending from the zygomatic arch down to the angle of the jaw
• its duct, Stensen’s duct, runs forward to open on the buccal mucosa opposite the second molar

Question 10

submandibular gland

Answer 10

• size of a walnut
• lies beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw
• Wharton’s duct runs up and forward to the floor of the mouth and opens at either side of the frenulum

Question 11

sublingual gland

Answer 11

• smallest
• lies within the floor of the mouth under the tongue
• has many small openings along the sublingual fold under the tongue

Question 12

how many permanent teeth does an adult have

Answer 12

32

Question 13

oropharynx

Answer 13

separated from the mouth by a fold of tissue on each side, the anterior tonsillar pillar

Question 14

nasopharynx

Answer 14

continuous with the oropharynx although it is above the oropharynx and behind the nasal cavity
-pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and the Eustachian tube openings are located here

Question 15

infants and children’s nose, mouth and throat

Answer 15

• salivation starts at 3 months, baby will drool for while before learning to swallow. this drooling does not herald the eruption of the first tooth
• deciduous, temporary teeth erupt between 6 months and 24 months of age. all 20 should appear by 2.5 years old. start losing at 6 years of age.
• teeth appear earlier in girls than boys and earlier in black children than white children
• nose develops during adolescence
• importance of fluoride (strong teeth)

Question 16

Pregnant women’s nose, mouth and throat

Answer 16

• nasal stuffiness from hormones
• epistaxis (nose bleed) may occur as a result of increased vascularity
• gums recede, may bleed
• pregnancy gengivitis

Question 17

older adults’ noses, mouths, and throats

Answer 17

• dry mouth from medication
• loss of taste
• loss of teeth/use of dentures
• malocclusion
• loss of smell
• gums recede

Question 18

further problems of malocclusion

Answer 18

• further tooth loss
• muscle imbalance from a mandible and maxilla now out of alignment, which produces muscle spasms, tenderness of muscles of mastication, and chronic headaches
• stress on the TMJ, leading to osteoarthritis, pain, and inability to fully open mouth

Question 19

Bifid Uvula

Answer 19

• uvula is split either completely or partially

- mainly seen in Asians and American Indians

Question 20

cleft lip/palate

Answer 20

-most common in Asian americans and American indians

Question 21

torus palatinus

Answer 21

• benign bony ridge running in the middle of the hard palate
• Asians
• more common in women than men

Question 22

leukoedema

Answer 22

• milky bluish white opaque appearance of the buccal mucosa

- darkly pigmented people

Question 23

Natal Teeth

Answer 23

• babies born with teeth
• rare
• more common among American indians

Question 24

Teeth of black people

Answer 24

• experience less tooth decay than whites

- harder and denser tooth enamel which makes their teeth less susceptible to the organisms that cause caries

Question 25

pallor of gums

Answer 25

shock, anemia

Question 26

cyanosis of gums

Answer 26

hypoxemia, chilling

Question 27

cherry red gums

Answer 27

- carbon monoxide poisoning - acidosis from aspirin poisoning - ketoacidosis

Question 28

Trans illumination

Answer 28

no evidence to support this practice. many healthy sinuses normally will not trans illuminate

Question 29

how do you grade tonsils?

Answer 29

1+ Visible 2+ halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula 3+ touching the uvula 4+ touching each other

Question 30

Rhinorrhea

Answer 30

nasal discharge that occurs with colds, allergies, sinus infections and trauma

Question 31

epistaxis

Answer 31

nose bleed

Question 32

deviated septum

Answer 32

- may be caused by trauma | - may cause nares to be obstructed, breathing issues

Question 33

untreated strep throat can lead to what?

Answer 33

rheumatic fever

Question 34

hoarseness of the larynx has many causes such as...

Answer 34

- overuse of voice - upper respiratory infection - chronic inflammation - lesions - neoplasm

Question 35

dysphagia

Answer 35

difficulty swallowing | -occurs with pharyngitis, gastroesophageal reflux diseas, stroke, esophageal cancer

Question 36

prolonged bottle use increases risk for what?

Answer 36

- tooth decay and middle ear infections

Question 37

prolonged thumb sucking may affect...

Answer 37

occlusion

Question 38

bruxism

Answer 38

grinding of teeth, usually occurs during sleep

Question 39

xerostomia

Answer 39

dry mouth

Question 40

absence of a sniff indicates what in the nose?

Answer 40

- holding one side and suck/blow | - indicated obstruction if no sniff occurs

Question 41

rhinitis

Answer 41

nasal mucosa is swollen and bright red with URI

Question 42

the gag reflex tests what?

Answer 42

- cranial nerves IX and X - glossopharyngeal nerve- IX - vagus nerve - X

Question 43

by asking the patient to stick out their tongue what cranial nerve are you

Answer 43

crainial nerve XII - hypoglossal nerve | -should protrude in the midline

Question 44

halitosis

Answer 44

breath odor -commonly caused by local causes such as poor oral hygiene, consumption of odoriferous foods, alcohol consumption, heavy smoking, dental infection

Question 45

a fine tremor of the tongue occurs with what?

Answer 45

hyperthyroidism

Question 46

a coarse tremor of the tongue occurs with what?

Answer 46

cerebral palsy and alcoholism

Question 47

with cranial nerve XII damage the tongue deviates...

Answer 47

toward the paralyzed side

Question 48

what occurs with the nose in infants experiencing respiratory distress?

Answer 48

nasal flaring

Question 49

Epstein pearls

Answer 49

- a normal finding in newborns and infants. | - small, whitish, glistening, pearly papules along the median raphe of the hard palate and on the gums

Question 50

tetracycline can have what effects on infants?

Answer 50

yellowing teeth

Question 51

babies teeth can appear green or black due to what?

Answer 51

excessive iron ingestion, although this reverses when the iron is stopped

Question 52

ankyloglossia

Answer 52

short, lingual frenulum | -can limit protrusion and impair speech development

Question 53

perforated septum

Answer 53

hole in the septum

Question 54

furuncle

Answer 54

small boil located in the skin or mucous membrane inside nose -appears red and swollen and is quite painful

Question 55

sinusitis

Answer 55

facial pain, after URI

Question 56

nasal polyp

Answer 56

- smooth, pale gray nodules, which are overgrowths of mucosa | - commonly caused by chronic allergic rhinitis

Question 57

retention cyst (mucocele)

Answer 57

- round, well defined, translucent nodule inside of mouth | - pocket of mucus that forms when a duct of a minor salivary gland ruptures

Question 58

leukoplakia

Answer 58

chalky white thick raised non removable patch caused by chronic irritation

Question 59

oral Kaposi sarcoma

Answer 59

- bruiselike, dark red or violet, confluent macule, usually on hard palate - among the earliest lesions that develop with AIDS

Question 60

macroglossia

Answer 60

enlarged tongue

Question 61

black hairy tongue

Answer 61

- fungal | - occurs after use of antibiotics