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Topic 7 Terminologies > Notes > Flashcards

Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the stages succession in an ecosystem

A
  • Bare rock
  • Mosses grasses
  • Grasses perennials
  • Woody pioneers
  • Fast growing trees
  • Climax forest
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2
Q

Give examples of abiotic conditions

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Light intensity
  • Oxygen and Carbon dioxide concentration
  • Soil concentration
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3
Q

Give examples of biotic conditions

A
  • Predation
  • Intraspecific competition
  • Interspecific competition
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4
Q

What give a list of the adaptations found in animals

A
  • Behavioral
  • Anatomical
  • Physiological
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a niche

A
  • Species has its own unique niche
  • If two species try to occupy the same niche one will outcompete the other
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6
Q

What are the effects of abiotic factors on population size

A
  • Ideal conditions for species
  • Organisms grow fast, reproduce successfully
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7
Q

What are the effects of interspecific competition

A
  • Competition between species
  • Reduces sources available to both
    Limits both populations
  • If one species is better adapted, it will out-compete the others
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8
Q

What are the effects of intraspecific competition

A
  • Competition within species
  • Smaller population means less competition
  • Less competition means better for growth and reproduction and vice versa
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9
Q

What is the effect of predation on population sizes

A
  • Population sizes of predators and prey are interlinked
  • Increased predator population size
  • More prey eaten
  • Prey population falls
  • Less food for predators
  • Predator population falls
  • Prey population rises
  • Predator population rises again
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10
Q

How can the population size be estimated using quadrats for non-motile organisms

A
  • Randomly placed quadrats
  • Use a grid and split the areas into squares
  • Use random coordinates using random number generator, decide the number of quadrats to use
  • Calculate the running mean
  • Well enough quadrats shows little change
  • Count frequency of each species in each quadrat
  • Calculate mean per quadrat
  • Multiply the mean by the number of quadrats to get the population size
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11
Q

Give the procedure for quadrats along a belt transect

A
  • Used to look at changes in distribution
  • Lay tape measure
  • Place quadrats at regular intervals along the line
  • Count the frequency/ percentage cover in quadrats
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12
Q

Describe the procedure for mark-release capture

A
  • Can be used for motile organisms
  • Capture sample of species, mark them harmlessly and release
  • Leave enough time for organisms to randomly distribute before collecting second sample
    population size = number in sample 1x number in sample 2/ number marked in sample 2
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13
Q

What is the principle of population size and give the equation in mark-release-recapture

A
  • Proportion of marked individuals in the second sample should be the same as was marked initially in the total population
  • number marked in sample 2/total number in sample 2 = number marked initially/total population size
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14
Q

What assumptions are made when using the mark-release-capture method

A
  • Sufficient time for marked individuals to mix within the population
  • Marking not removed, doesn’t affect chances of survival, non toxic, must not increase chances of predation and most not reduce chances of reproduction
  • No emigration/immigration- so population is constant
  • No births/deaths/breeding
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15
Q

Describe the process of succession and the meaning of climax community

A
  • Colonization by pioneer species
  • Pioneer species change the abiotic conditions and make the environment less hostile
  • Environment becomes more suitable for other species with different adaptations less suitable for the previous species - better adapted species outcompetes previous species
  • As succession goes on, biodiversity increases
  • Climax community- final, complex, stable community
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16
Q

How do conservation habitats involve the management of succession?

A
  • Human activities can prevent succession and stop climax forming
  • Conservation prevents succession in order to preserve an ecosystem in its current stage of succession
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17
Q

Why are line transects used and how?

A

• Measure change over distance
• Use large number of samples

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18
Q

When are random sampling methods used?

A

Used to estimate population sizes that are evenly distributed

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19
Q

What is the general procedure for random sampling

A

• Lie two tape measures at a right angle to create a gridded area
• Use a random number generator to generate two coordinates
• Place the quadrat and collect the data (density/percentage cover/frequency)
• Repeat at least 30 times to collect mean

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20
Q

Used to estimate population size when they are unevenly distributed

A

Line transects

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21
Q

What is the difference between belt transect and interrupted belt transect?

A

• Belt transect: The quadrat is placed at every position along the tape measure
• Interrupted belt transect: The quadrat is placed at intervals along the tape measure. Usually for long distances

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22
Q

Describe the line transects method

A
  • Place the tape measure at a right angle to the shore line
  • Place the quadrat every 5 meters/ every position
  • Collect the data
  • Repeat by placing another 30 transects along the beach at right angles to the shore line
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23
Q

What are the methods to estimate the abundance of a species

Study These Flashcards
A

• Local frequency: % of squares in the quadrat with the species there

• Density: The number of one species in a given area

• Percentage cover: proportion of the ground occupied by the species

24
Q

Why are the advantages and disadvantages of using local frequency

Study These Flashcards
A

Advantages
• Quick for a large area
• Useful if too difficult to identify individual organism or too many to count

Disadvantages
• Poor accuracy
• Doesn’t consider overlapping plants or the size of the plant

25
Give the advantages and disadvantages of using Density
Advantages • More accurate • Can be used to estimate species richness Disadvantages • Time consuming
26
Give the advantages and disadvantages of using percentage cover
Advantages * Quicker method than density * useful if too difficult to identify individual organism or too many to count Disadvantages * Subjective, limiting accuracy * Doesn’t consider overlapping plants
27
How is estimate represented?
In percentage
28
Why are samples used when investigating populations
So it can be a representative data
29
What equipment's are used in measuring abiotic factors and why must they be standardized?
- pH meters - Thermometers: temperatures at different depths of soil or water or air - Light meter: to measure light intensity - Standardized equipment's: calibrate to ensure accuracy and reliability
30
Why mustn't the arrow bars in a bar graph of standard deviation overlap
It mustn't overlap so it is statistically significant
31
How does optimum temperature denature enzymes
- Kinetic energy is too high - Too forceful enzyme-substrate complexes - Break tertiary structure bonds - Enzymes denature - enzyme-substrate complexes cant be formed - enzymatic reaction
32
What is secondary succession
• When a succession that was already potentially at its climax community is disrupted and plants are destroyed • But the soil is already created • So it does not start from bare rock seral stage
33
List the five conservation methods
• Management of succession: Conservation often involves humans preventing succession in order to preserve an ecosystem in its current sere. The community which is maintained under such conditions is known as plagioclimax • Seed banks: Store of seed from many various species of plant. Back up for conservation of plant species in the wild. Stored species can reintroduce lost or dead species • Captive breeding: Breeding animals in controlled environments. Endangered or extinct species can be bred in captivity to help increase their numbers. However some species have breeding problems outside their habitat • Fishing quotas: limitations in catching of fish species by a fisherman so to reduce numbers killed and caught. Quotas can limit earning potential of fishermen • Protected areas: National Parks and Marine Protected areas protect the species and habitats in them by restricting urban development and farming
34
How many alleles does a diploid chromosome have?
TWO
35
A monohybrid cross between two heterozygous alleles will always produce what ratio of alleles
3:1
36
The diagram that displays 22 chromosomes and the 23rd chromosome as either XX or XY chromosomes is called what?
Karyotype
37
What is the ratio of a dihybrid inheritance in offspring 2
9:3:3:1
38
What is the ratio when two co-dominant alleles breed e.g. HN HS
1:2:1
39
If two genes are located in close proximity on the same chromosome, what happens?
They are less likely to be separated by re-combination
40
What does it mean for genes to be linked?
It means they have 2 different genes found on the same chromo some
41
What do we call alleles that are masked to the epistatic alleles?
hypostatic
42
Why is blood type O recessive
Because if you have one gene for O and one gene for A, the you still end up with A antigens in your cell membranes
43
Why are actual results of genetic crosses rarely the same as predicted results
• The probability that the alleles will be expressed in gametes is random • Some alleles have a selective advantage
44
A cell containing the haploid number of chromosomes
Gamete
45
What is the ratio of dominant epistasis
12:3:1
46
What is the ratio of recessive epistasis
9:3:4
47
How do you write a null hypothesis for a chi squared test and give an example
- State significant difference - State what is observed and what is expected - e.g. There will be no significant difference between the observed number of ivy plants and the expected number of ivy plants in the shaded and light area - The difference is due to chance
48
When is a chi squared test used?
- Variation is discrete and not continuous e.g. in categories Aa, aa - Data shows whole numbers, normally frequencies
49
Expected values in chi squared equation is determined by what?
- Phenotypic ratios
50
What is degrees of freedom?
The number of categories
51
Why isn't the hardy-Weinberg principle accurate?
It assumes that there will be no change in the allele frequency between generations within, so is is not perfectly accurate
52
Give the hardy Weinberg equation and give the values
* p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 * P+q = 1 * p= the frequency of the dominant allele * q= the frequency that f the recessive allele * p2= the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype * 2pq= The frequency of the heterozygous genotype * q2= The frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype
53
What evidence in a pedigree diagram shows that the condition caused by a recessive allele
- Two parents who do not have the condition have a child who does - Therefore both parents must be carriers of the recessive allele but due to the dominant allele, they do not have the condition themselves
54
What evidence in a pedigree diagram shows that the condition caused by a dominant allele
- Two parents who do have the condition have a child who does not have the condition - Therefore, both parents must be carriers of the recessive allele, but due the presence of the dominant allele, they have the condition themselves
55
If its a sex-linked disease that is recessive, it'll be mostly found in....
Males because the Y chromosome does not carry any alleles/genes

Topic 7 Terminologies (5 decks)

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