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Social Cultural Psychology > Notes > Flashcards

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1
Q

Challenges of surveys

A

Sampling error

Investigator bias

Respondent mistrust

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1
Q

Conformity

A

Group expectations establish norms that wiled significant influence over individual behaviour

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2
Q

Social exchange theory

A

Social interaction depend on evaluating rewards and costs

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3
Q

Drive theory

A

Explores how learned responses affect task performance in front of an audience

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4
Q

Positivism

A

Involves uncritical acceptance of science as the sole path to the truth

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5
Q

Volkerpsychologie

A

An early precursor to social psychology

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6
Q

Roots of social psychology

A

European roots

Became American centric

Resurgence in European social psychology

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7
Q

Naive scientist model

A

Portrays individuals as employing rational, cause effect analyses akin to scientists in understanding their environment, reinforcing attribution theories prevalent during that period

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8
Q

Cognitive misers theory

A

Depicts individuals as favouring simple, adaptive cognitive strategies, using full processing capacity sparingly and resorting to processing shortcuts, albeit often unreliable

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9
Q

Motivated tactician model

A

Individuals possess multiple cognitive strategies, selecting them based on personal goals, motives, and needs

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10
Q

Central traits when forming initial impressions

A

Tend to emphasise specific pieces of information known as central traits

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11
Q

Peripheral traits

A

Carry far less wight, playing a minor role in shaping the final impressions we form

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12
Q

Script

A

A schema specifically tailored to events

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13
Q

Accentuation Principle

A

Principle asserts that categorisation accentuates the perceived similarities within groups and the differences between them

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14
Q

Bookkeeping

A

Gradual schema change occurs through the accumulation of bits of information that are inconsistent with the existing schema

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15
Q

Conversion

A

Sudden schema change results from the gradual accumulation of information that contradicts the existing schema

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16
Q

Subtyping

A

Schema change arises when schema inconsistent information leads to the formation of subcategories within the existing schema

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17
Q

4 stages of social encoding

A

Pre-attentive analysis

Focal attention

Comprehension

Elaborative reasoning

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18
Q

Salience

A

Salience refers to a feature or person that stands out in relation to other stimuli and attracts attention

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19
Q

Priming

A

Activating accessible categories or schemas in memory, influencing how we process new information and manipulating the accessibility of certain knoweldge

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20
Q

Central route processing

A

Involves carefully and deliberately considering information, while peripheral route processing entails making rapid decisions based on stereotypes, schemas, and other cognitive shortcuts

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21
Q

Normative models

A

Ideal processes for making accurate social inferences, collectively forming the basis of behavioural decision theory.

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22
Q

Kelley’s Covariation Model

A

A theory of causal attribution where individuals attribute behaviour to factors that covary closely with it

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23
Q

What are the three types of information associated with the co-occurence of an action by a specific person?

A

Consistency information

Distinctiveness information

Consensus information

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24
Self perception theory
Suggests that we understand ourselves by making self attributions
25
Correspondence bias
People tend to overestimate the influence of stable personality traits on behaviour, attributing actions to internal dispositions rather than situation factors
26
Fundamental attribution error
Involves attributing others' behaviour more to internal characteristics than to external circumstances
27
Essentialism
The tendency to view behaviour as reflecting innate, immutable properties of individuals or groups, related to correspondence bias and fundamental attribution error
28
Explanations for correspondence bias
Attentional focus Differential forgetting Linguistic facilitation
29
Actor observer effect
Tendency to attribute our own behaviours externally and others' internally
30
Two main factors of actor observer effect
Perceptual Focus Informational Differences
31
False Consensus Effect
Occurs when individuals perceive their own behaviour as more typical than it actually is and assume others would behave similarly
32
Self serving biases
Attributional distortions that protect or enhance self esteem
33
Illusion of Control
Belief that we have more control over our world than we actually do
34
Belief in a Just World
The belief that the world is fair and predictable
35
Looking glass self concept
Suggests that we derive our self image from how others perceive us
36
Self enhancing triad
Reflects people's tendency to overestimate their positive qualities, control over events, and maintain unrealistic optimism
37
Self discrepancy theory
Explores the consequences of comparing the the actual self with the ideal and ought selves
38
Regulatory focus theory posits two distinct self regulatory systems
Promotion system Prevention system
39
Promotion system
Focused on achieving aspiration and ideals, employing approach oriented strategies
40
Prevention system
Concerned with fulfilling duties and obligation, utilising avoidance strategies
41
Social comparison theory
Involves comparing behaviours and opinions with others to establish socially approved norms
42
Self evaluation maintenance model
Explains how individuals, faced with esteem damaging comparisons, may deny similarity to the source or withdraw from the relationship
43
Birging
Involves associating oneself with esteemed individuals or groups to enhance one's own image
44
Identity can be categorised into two broad classes
Social identity Personal identity
45
What are the three forms of self?
Individuals self Relational self Collective self
46
Three motivational classes affecting self-construction and self knowledge seeking
Self assessment Self verification Self enhancement
47
Self affirmation theory
Suggests individuals mitigate threats to their self concept by affirming competence in other areas
48
Self handicapping
Involves pre-emptively attributing anticipated failures to external factors
49
What are the 5 strategic motives behind impression management?
Self promotion Integration Intimidation Exemplification Supplication
50
What is an attitude
A general sentiment or assessment, be it positive or negative, toward a person, object, or issue
51
Three component model for attitude has:
Cognitive Affective Behavioural
52
Balance theory
Individuals prefer attitudes that align with each other rather than those that conflict
53
Mere exposure effect
Demonstrates that repeated exposure to an object increases attraction to it
54
Terror management theory
The core human drive is to alleviate the anxiety stemming from the awareness of mortality
55
Relative homogeneity effect
The tendency to perceive outgroup members as uniform while viewing in-group members as more diverse
56
Language use bias
People tend to imply abstract language when discussing unfavourable traits of an outgroup and concrete language for favourable traits, relating underlying biases
57
Three key variables influence persuasion
The communicator or the source of the message The content and delivery of the communication The audience being targeted
58
Expectation states theory
Explains how roles emerge based on status based expectations about performance, influenced by specific and diffuse status characteristics
59
Uncertainty-identity theory
Suggests that people join distinctive, well defined gourds with consensual norms to reduce uncertainty about their identity
60

Social Cultural Psychology (1 decks)

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