Notes Flashcards
all (137 cards)
1
Q
What is Autism?
A
A developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social skills and communication as well as stereotypical, repetitive behaviours
Symptoms must appear prior to age 3 and it affects 4 times as many boys as girls.
2
Q
What are the two domains of Autism diagnosis according to the DSM V?
A
- Social Interaction and Communication
- Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities
3
Q
What are some symptoms of the Social Interaction and Communication domain?
A
- Poor eye contact
- Limited or no conversational skills
- Does not seek to share interest or enjoyment
- Inability to express or identify emotions
- Difficulty with making friends
- Deficit in verbal and/or nonverbal communication
4
Q
What are some symptoms of the Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour domain?
A
- Inflexible adherence to routines
- Inappropriate play
- Inappropriate vocalizations
- Repetitive motor mannerisms
- Obsessive interest in a particular topic or object(s)
- Abnormal sensitivity to or interest in sensory aspects of the environment
5
Q
Who can make a diagnosis of Autism?
A
- Paediatricians
- Neurologists
- Psychologists
- Educational Psychologists
- Psychiatrists
6
Q
What is the core principle of ABA?
A
If a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence, that behaviour will occur more often in the future; if not, it will occur less often.
7
Q
What does the 3-term contingency in ABA consist of?
A
- Antecedent
- Behaviour
- Consequence
8
Q
What is Discrete Trial Training (DTT)?
A
An instructional technique used in ABA that has a clear beginning and end.
9
Q
What are the components of a Discrete Trial?
A
- Antecedent
- Behaviour
- Consequence
10
Q
What is a discriminative stimulus (SD)?
A
A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced and in absence of which that response will not be reinforced.
11
Q
What are the types of SDs?
A
- Verbal Stimulus
- Visual Stimulus
- Combination of Verbal and Visual Stimulus
12
Q
What is an Establishing Operation (EO)?
A
A condition or physical state that increases the effectiveness of a reinforcer, making it more motivating to the child.
13
Q
What are the three categories of response in a discrete trial?
A
- Correct response (C)
- Incorrect response (I)
- No response (NR)
14
Q
True or False: Language is an area of skill excess in children with autism.
A
False
15
Q
True or False: Behavioural instructors are qualified to diagnose autism.
A
False
16
Q
Fill in the blank: Autism affects _____ times as many boys as girls.
A
4
17
Q
What is the definition of a stimulus?
A
Anything that one can see, hear, feel, smell, or taste.
18
Q
What happens to the effectiveness of a reinforcer when deprivation is in effect?
A
It increases the effectiveness of a reinforcer.
19
Q
What is the purpose of changing the antecedents and consequences in ABA?
A
To increase appropriate behaviour and decrease inappropriate behaviour.
20
Q
What is a common guideline for delivering an SD?
A
Ensure that you have the child’s attention before presenting an SD.
21
Q
What does the term ‘no response’ mean in the context of a discrete trial?
A
When the child does not respond at all to the SD.
22
Q
What is consistency in a child’s responses?
A
Consistency does not mean that there cannot be variety in a child’s responses.
23
Q
What is extraneous behaviour?
A
Anything that the child says or does which is not related to the target response.
24
Q
What should be the time limit between the presentation of the SD and the child’s response?
A
3 seconds.
25
What is the consequence if the child does not respond?
Consider the NR to be incorrect and use an error correction procedure.
26
Define consequence in the context of child responses.
The event that immediately follows the child’s response.
27
What are the two possible consequences following a child's response?
* Reinforcement
* Error correction
28
What is reinforcement?
The immediate presentation of a desired stimulus or removal of an aversive stimulus that increases the future frequency of a particular response.
29
What are the two categories of reinforcers?
* Primary/Unlearned (Unconditioned reinforcers)
* Secondary/Learned (Conditioned reinforcers)
30
How does deprivation affect the effectiveness of a reinforcer?
Increases the effectiveness of a reinforcer.
31
How does satiation affect the effectiveness of a reinforcer?
Decreases the effectiveness of a reinforcer.
32
What is the guideline for delivering reinforcement regarding access to reinforcers?
Limit free access to reinforcers.
33
How frequently should preference assessments be conducted?
At the start of each lesson or when the child loses interest.
34
What is the recommended time frame for delivering a reinforcer after a correct response?
Within ½ a second.
35
Why should the reinforcer be easy to give and remove?
To ensure it can be delivered within ½ a second and not waste valuable teaching time.
36
What is a conditioned or learned reinforcer?
A reinforcer that is not always appropriate in the natural environment and is established by pairing with primary reinforcement.
37
What is differential reinforcement?
To promote independent responding by providing more or less of the reinforcer based on the child's level of independence.
38
How to conduct a preference assessment?
Present several items to the child in an array, let the child select an item, and continue until the child stops selecting.
39
What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?
* Continuous Reinforcement
* Intermittent Reinforcement
40
What is the goal of a supervisor regarding reinforcement?
To move from primary to secondary reinforcement, contrived to natural reinforcement, and continuous to intermittent reinforcement.
41
What is error correction?
A procedure to help a child learn a correct response when they do not respond or give an incorrect response.
42
What are the components of error correction procedures?
* An informational 'No'
* A prompt
43
Define discrimination training.
The process of teaching children many target responses within each lesson.
44
What is an acquisition target?
The item currently being taught.
45
What is mass trial (MT)?
Repeated presentation of an SD, asking the child for the acquisition response multiple times.
46
What is random rotation (RR)?
Presentation of 2 or more SDs in random order.
47
What are distractors in discrimination training?
Anything in the field other than the target item.
48
What is the mastery criterion in discrimination training?
Child scores 80-100% in two consecutive sessions in random rotation with two different instructors.
49
What is simultaneous discrimination?
Used when there is a field of stimuli to which the child must respond by pointing to, giving, touching, or picking up.
50
What is successive discrimination?
Used when the child does not have to respond to a field of stimuli.
51
What is errorless learning?
A method that uses a most-to-least hierarchy of prompting to ensure the child ends on a correct, unprompted trial.
52
What is the first step in errorless learning?
Use a full physical prompt.
53
What should be done if a child gives an incorrect response?
Utilize error correction procedures.
54
What is the goal of errorless learning?
To end on a correct, unprompted trial
## Footnote
Errorless learning involves providing prompts with every presentation of the SD and fading them across trials.
55
What is the most-to-least prompting hierarchy?
A prompting method where prompts are gradually reduced from full physical prompts to no prompts
## Footnote
It aims to help the child respond correctly with decreasing levels of assistance.
56
What are the steps to take if a child gives an incorrect response?
* Provide an informational 'no'
* Score the response as incorrect
* Re-present the SD with the last effective prompt
* Fade the prompt again over the next trials
57
What is the 'no-no-prompt-repeat' procedure?
* SD -> incorrect response -> informational 'no'
* SD -> incorrect response -> informational 'no'
* SD + prompt -> correct response -> reinforcement
* SD -> correct response -> reinforcement
58
What is the inter-trial interval?
The time between the end of one trial and the beginning of a new trial
59
How long should the inter-trial interval be?
Approximately 2 seconds
60
What should you do during the inter-trial interval?
* Take data
* Clear the field
* Rearrange the field
61
What is shaping?
Reinforcing successive approximations of a target behaviour while extinguishing previous approximations
62
When is shaping used?
When the target behaviour is difficult to prompt
63
What is the consequence for not responding during shaping?
Say 'come on, you can do it' but do not provide reinforcement
64
What is forward chaining?
Teaching a task by starting with the first step and requiring independence for each step before moving to the next
65
What is backward chaining?
Teaching a task by starting with the last step and requiring independence for that step before moving to the second-to-last step
66
What is total task presentation?
Focusing prompting and fading on whichever steps of a task are not yet independent
67
What defines problem behaviour?
Behaviour that interferes with learning, limits social interaction, leads to property damage, or causes injury
68
What are examples of problem behaviour?
* Tantrums
* Self-injury
* Destruction of property
* Excessive repetitive speech
69
What are the two choices a child has when wanting something?
* Try to get it in an inappropriate way
* Try to get it in an appropriate way
70
What are the four functions of behaviour?
* Attention
* Access to tangible
* Escape
* Automatic
71
What does attention function of behaviour look like?
A child engages in behaviour to gain attention from others
72
What does access to tangible function of behaviour look like?
A child engages in behaviour to obtain a desired item or activity
73
What does escape function of behaviour look like?
A child engages in behaviour to avoid a task or situation
74
What does automatic function of behaviour look like?
A child engages in behaviour for sensory input or self-stimulation
75
What is an antecedent modification?
Something done before the behaviour occurs to decrease the chances of that behaviour occurring
76
What are common antecedent modifications?
* Giving appropriate alternatives
* Teaching communication skills
* Altering the environment
77
What are antecedent modifications?
Strategies to alter situations before problem behaviour occurs to prevent it.
78
What is the purpose of teaching a child an appropriate alternative to a behaviour?
To teach new skills.
79
What does DRA stand for?
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative behaviour.
80
What is the process of Functional Communication Training (FCT)?
Teaching the child to communicate needs verbally or through an iconic communication system.
81
What is an example of Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behaviour (DRI)?
Teaching a child to put hands in pockets instead of biting nails.
82
What is the purpose of Differential Reinforcement of Other behaviour (DRO)?
Reinforcing the child for not engaging in a specific problem behaviour for a certain time.
83
Fill in the blank: Non-Contingent Reinforcement (NCR) provides access to reinforcement on a _______ schedule.
time-based
84
What does demand fading involve?
Removing all demands initially and then systematically reintroducing them.
85
What is the purpose of visual schedules?
To present the sequence of activities to the child at the beginning of a session.
86
What does behavioural momentum refer to?
Using high-probability demands before presenting a low-probability demand.
87
What is environmental manipulation?
Altering aspects of the environment to reduce challenging behaviour.
88
Why are transition cues important?
They help prepare the child for changes in activities or removal of preferred items.
89
What is a consequence manipulation?
Actions taken immediately after problem behaviour to decrease its future frequency.
90
What is the preferred type of consequence manipulation?
Extinction.
91
True or False: Extinction can only be used for attention-maintained behaviour.
False.
92
What is response cost?
Removing part or all of a tangible reinforcer after a specific problem behaviour occurs.
93
What is non-exclusionary time-out?
Removing the child from a reinforcing activity immediately after a problem behaviour.
94
What is the duration of time-out for a child?
1 minute for every year of age.
95
What is the purpose of a Behaviour Intervention Plan (BIP)?
To provide a step-by-step guide on managing problem behaviours.
96
True or False: A child will have one BIP that lists all of his behaviours.
False.
97
Name at least three sections of the BIP.
* Operational definition
* Function
* Antecedent modifications
* Replacement behaviours
* Consequence manipulations
* Measurement
98
What are the two most common measurement types on a BIP?
* Rate
* Duration
99
What is a mand?
A request made by the child.
100
What is a tact?
A comment made by the child related to their sensory experience.
101
What is maintenance in the context of behaviour intervention?
Continued performance of a response after it was first learned.
102
Why is maintenance important?
To monitor whether the child is retaining mastered targets.
103
What should be used during maintenance?
An intermittent schedule of reinforcement.
104
What is generalisation in behaviour intervention?
The ability to apply learned behaviours in different contexts.
105
What is maintenance?
Continued performance of a response after it was first learned.
## Footnote
Maintenance is important for monitoring whether the child is retaining mastered targets.
106
Why do we do maintenance?
To monitor whether the child is retaining mastered targets.
107
What schedule of reinforcement should you use when doing maintenance?
Intermittent schedule of reinforcement.
108
What error correction procedure should you use when doing maintenance?
No-no-prompt-repeat procedure.
109
What is generalisation?
The occurrence of the relevant behaviour under different, untrained conditions.
110
Why do we have to generalise?
Children typically do not generalise skills spontaneously, so we need to train them in various conditions.
111
List the three types of generalisation.
* Across stimuli (visual and vocal)
* Across settings
* Across people
112
Fill in the blank: The occurrence of the relevant behaviour under different, untrained conditions is called _______.
[generalisation]
113
Give an example of generalisation across visual stimuli.
Use different pictures of the same location.
114
Give an example of generalisation across vocal stimuli.
Say 'where’s this place?' or 'where’s this?'
115
Give an example of generalisation across settings.
Run the lesson in the child’s station, on the playground, and at home.
116
Give an example of generalisation across people.
Get another instructor to run the lesson, get mom to run the lesson, or get a peer to run the lesson.
117
What are ethics?
The moral standards that guide a profession.
118
Why is it important to behave ethically?
Unethical behaviour violates the moral standards of our profession and can bring disrepute to our field and organisation.
119
List three ethical responsibilities of an ABA instructor.
* Report abuse when suspected
* Avoid dual relationships
* Maintain confidentiality
120
What are the four types of abuse?
* Physical abuse
* Sexual abuse
* Emotional abuse
* Neglect
121
What should you do if you suspect abuse?
Report it to a supervisor or Ilana immediately.
122
When should you contact Child Protective Services regarding abuse?
If you cannot contact a supervisor or Ilana within 36 hours.
123
What are dual relationships?
When you have more than just a professional relationship with a child, family members, or other caregivers.
124
List types of dual relationships.
* Outside employment (e.g., babysitting)
* Barter (goods in exchange for services)
* Sexual or romantic relationships
* Exchange of personal information
* Accepting money or other gifts
* Being the patient of a child (e.g., doctor, dentist)
125
Are dual relationships ever appropriate?
No, dual relationships are NEVER appropriate.
126
What is confidentiality?
The child’s right to privacy regarding their personal and medical information.
127
Give an example of how to maintain confidentiality when leaving a voice message.
"Hi, this is Rebecca, please call me back when you get this."
128
Give an example of how to maintain confidentiality in school facilitation.
Take data discreetly, do not give any information to anyone not directly involved in the case.
129
What should you do if you receive a request for copies of a child’s records?
"I will have to get written consent from his mother before I can share his records with you."
130
What should you do with data in the community?
Do not give any information to anyone. Take data discreetly.
131
What is data collection?
The observation, measurement, and permanent record of a target behaviour.
132
Why is it important to collect accurate data?
It is the primary source of information supervisors use to make decisions about the child’s program.
133
What information is common to most data sheets?
* Child’s name
* Date
* Instructor’s name
* Lesson name
* Raw data
* Measurement result
134
True or False: You should conduct several trials of a lesson before taking data to save time and effort.
False.
135
What should you do immediately after any behaviour occurs?
Take data.
136
What does trial-by-trial recording refer to?
Using every inter-trial interval to take data.
137
What is your responsibility regarding Google Docs or skills?
To be linked to any Google Doc or to skills if necessary.
