Notes

Question 1

Map Scale

Answer 1

A map scale shows how much distances on the ground have been reduced to fit onto a map. It can be represented as a ratio (e.g., 1:50 000), a word statement (e.g., 1 cm represents 500 m), or a line scale

Question 2

Contours

Answer 2

Contours are lines drawn on a map that join places of the same height above sea level. They illustrate elevation and terrain shape

Question 3

Cross Section

Answer 3

A cross-section is a side view of a landscape between two points, showing changes in elevation. It helps visualize terrain and landforms

Question 4

Compass Points

Answer 4

Direction on a map can be given using four cardinal points (North, South, East, West), four sub-cardinal points (NE, SE, SW, NW), and eight intercardinal points (e.g., NNE, WSW)

Question 5

Bearings

Answer 5

Bearings are angles measured clockwise from true north, providing precise direction. They are more accurate than compass points.

Question 6

Magnetic Declination

Answer 6

The angle between true north and magnetic north, which changes over time. It must be accounted for in navigation.

Question 7

Grid Referencing

Answer 7

A system of using numbered squares (parallels and meridians) to locate points on a map. Includes latitude and longitude for atlas maps and alphanumeric labels for topographic maps.

Question 8

Topographic Maps

Answer 8

Detailed maps that show surface features and elevation using contour lines, symbols, and colors. They provide information about terrain and land use.

Question 9

Mid-Latitude Cyclone

Answer 9

A low-pressure weather system bringing cold, windy, and wet conditions. Forms where warm subtropical air meets cold polar air along the polar front.

Question 10

Tropical Cyclone

Answer 10

A powerful storm system forming over warm ocean waters, with strong winds and heavy rain. Known as hurricanes, typhoons, or cyclones in different regions.

Question 11

Drainage Basin

Answer 11

The area of land drained by a river system, including tributaries and watersheds

Question 12

Urban Heat Island

Answer 12

A phenomenon where city temperatures are higher than surrounding rural areas due to heat absorption by buildings and roads.

Question 13

Anticyclone

Answer 13

A high-pressure system bringing dry, clear weather. In the southern hemisphere, winds circulate counterclockwise.

Question 14

Katabatic Wind

Answer 14

A local wind blowing down a valley or mountain at night, caused by cooling air.

Question 15

Synoptic Weather Maps

Answer 15

Maps that show atmospheric conditions over a large area at a specific time, using isobars, symbols, and weather station data.

Question 16

Inversions and Frost

Answer 16

Cold air collects in valleys at night, creating an inversion layer where temperatures increase with altitude, sometimes leading to frost pockets.