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ESPM exam 3 > notes > Flashcards

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1
Q

unwanted material that results from a human activity

A

waste

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2
Q

nonliquid waste that comes from homes, institutions, and small businesses

A

municipal solid waste

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3
Q

waste from production of consumer goods, mining, agriculture, and petroleum extraction and refining

A

industrial solid waste

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4
Q

solid or liquid waste that is toxic, chemically reactive, flammable, or corrosive

A

hazardous waste

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5
Q

minimizing waste at its source

A

source reduction

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6
Q

flow of waste as it moves from its sources toward disposal destinations

A

waste stream

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7
Q

waste is buried/piled into mounds engineered to prevent waste from contaminating the environment and threatening public health

A

sanitary landfill

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8
Q

liquid that results when substances from trash dissolve in water as rainwater percolates downward

A

leachate

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9
Q

controlled process where garbage is burned at very high temps

A

incineration

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10
Q

use heat produced by waste combustion to create steam that drives electricity generation

A

waste-to-energy

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11
Q

mix of gases from anaerobic decomposition

A

landfill gas

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12
Q

conversion of organic waste into mulch through natural decomposition

A

composting

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13
Q

collecting used items and breaking them down so their materials can be reprocessed to manufacture new items

A

recycling

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14
Q

redesigns industrial systems to reduce resources inputs and to maximize both physical and economical efficiency

A

industrial ecology

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15
Q

examining the entire life cycle of a product and looking for ways to make the process more efficient

A

life-cycle analysis

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16
Q

shallow depressions lined with plastic and clay used to store liquid hazardous waste

A

surface impoundments

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17
Q

a well is drilled deep beneath the water table into porous rock, and wastes are injected into it

A

deep-well injection

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18
Q

lands whos reuse/development are complicated by the presence of hazardous materials

A

brownfields

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19
Q

highly combustible substances formed from the remains of organisms from past geologic ages

A

fossil fuels

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20
Q

secondary form of energy that is easier to transfer over long distances and apply to a variety of uses

A

electricity

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21
Q

the difference between energy returned and energy invested

A

net energy

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22
Q

hard blackish substance formed from organic matter that was compressed under very high pressure, creating dense, solid carbon structures

A

coal

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23
Q

sludge-like liquid containing a mix of various hydrocarbon molecules

A

crude oil

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24
Q

gas consisting primarily of methane and including varying amounts of other voltile hydrocarbons

A

natural gas

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25
deposits of moist sand and clay containing 1-20% bitumen, a thick and heavy form of petroleum that is rich in carbon and poor in hydrogen
oil (tar) sands
26
sedimentary rock filled with kerogen and can be processed to produce liquid petroleum
oil shale
27
ice-like solid consisting of molecules of methane embedded in a crystal lattice of water molecules
methane hydrate
28
capturing CO2 emissions, converting the gas to a liquid form, and then storing it in the ocean or underground in a geologically stable rock formation
carbon sequestration
29
drilling wells in directions outward from a drilling pad, as drillers bore down vertically and then curve to drill horizontally
directional drilling
30
energy that holds together protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom
nuclear energy
31
the splitting apart of atomic nuclei that drives the release of nuclear energy in power plants
nuclear fission
32
organic material derived from organisms, and it contains chemical energy that originated with sunlight and photosynthesis
biomass
33
fuel produced from vegetable oil, used cooking grease, or animal fat
biodiesel
34
using enzymes to produce ethanol from cellulose, which gives structure to all plant material
cellulosic ethanol
35
using the kinetic energy of moving water to turn turbines and generate electricity
hydropower
36
impounding water behind dams and then letting the water pass through to create energy
hydropower storage technique
37
generates electricy without greatly disrupting the flow of river water
hydropower run-of-river technique
38
magnifying the intensity of solar energy by gathering sunlight from a wide area and focusing it on a single point
concentrated solar power
39
cells that convert sunlight into electrical energy when light reaches them
photovoltaic (PV) cells
40
mechanical assemblies that convert winds' kinetic energy into electrical energy
wind turbines
41
thermal energy that arises from beneath earth's surface
geothermal energy
42
as tidal currents pass through a dam, water turns turbines to generate electricity
tidal energy
43
harnessing the motion of ocean waves and converting their mechanical energy into electricity
wave energy
44
electricity is input to split hydrogen atoms from the O2 atoms of water molecules
electrolysis
45
shift from the countryside to towns and cities
urbanization
46
smaller communities that ring cities
suburbs
47
spread of low-density urban/suburban development outward from an urban center
urban sprawl
48
the pracice of classifying areas for different types of development/land use
zoning
49
focusing development and economic interest in existing urban centers and favoring multistory shop-houses and high-rises
smart growth
50
seeks to design functional neighborhoods where families can meet most of their needs close to home without using a car
new urbanism
51
structures that use technologies/approaches to minimize the ecological footprint of their construction and operation
green buildings
52
certification program run by the US green building council to promote green building efforts
leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) cerification
53
works to develop circular systems in urban areas, akin to those found in nature
urban ecology
54
the guarantee of an adequate, safe, nutritious, and reliable food supply available to all people at all times
food security
55
receiving fewer calories than the minimum dietary energy requirement
undernutrition
56
consuming too many calories each day, leading to unhealthy weight gain
overnutrition
57
occurs when a person fails to obtain a complete complement of vitamins and minerals
malnutrition
58
raising crops and livestock for human use and consumption
agriculture
59
when all plants in a field are genetically similar
monocultures
60
introduced new technologies, crop varieties, and farming practices to the developing world
green revolution
61
complex system consisting of disintegrating rock, organic matter, water, gases, nutrients, and microorganisms
soil
62
continuous mass of solid rock that makes up earth's crust
bedrock
63
portion of the soil that is most nutritive for plants
topsoil
64
where more than 10% of productivity is lost as a result of erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, overgrazing, drought, salinization, climate change, water depletion, etc.
desertification
65
farmers alternate the type of crop grown in a given field from one season/year to the next
crop rotation
66
plowing furrows sideways across a hillside, perpendicular to its slope and following the natural grooves of the land
contour farming
67
pays farmers to stop cultivating highly erodible cropland and instead place it in conservation reserves planted with grasses and trees
conservation reserve program
68
artificial provision of water to support agriculture
irrigation
69
occurs when over-irrigation causes the water table to rise to the poin that water drowns plant roots
waterlogging
70
when male sex cells of a plant (pollen) fertilize female sex cells of a plant
pollination
71
when scientists directly manipulate an organism's genetic material in the lab by changing segments of its DNA
genetic engineering
72
DNA that has been patched together from the DNA of multiple organisms
recombinant DNA
73
organism that contains DNA from another species
transgenic organisms
74
the idea that one should not undertake new action until the ramifications of that action are well understood
precautionary principle
75
huge warehouses/pens designed to deliver energy-rich food to animals at extremely high densities
feedlots
76
cultivation of aquatic organisms for food in controlled environments
aquaculture
77
agriculture that uses no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides
organic agriculture
78
consumers pay farmers in advance for a share of their yield
community-supported agriculute (CSA)
79
accidental capture of nontarget animals
bycatch
80
areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference
marine protected areas (MPAs)
81
areas where fishing is prohibited
marine reserves

ESPM exam 3 (2 decks)

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