NP1B

Question 1

When a wave of ________________ reaches the end of an axon, it stimulates the release of neurotransmitters that are stored in in vesicles

Answer 1

depolarization

Question 2

synapses often form on __________, and the multiple branches of _________ allow for input from many different axons

Answer 2

dendrites

Question 3

Neurotransmitter release:
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ___________ or the ____________ and packaged in membrane-bound secretory vesicles

Answer 3

axon terminus, neuron cell body

Question 4

Neurotransmitter release:
Depolarization activates ______________ that mediate the influx of both Ca++ and Na+, and the rise in intracellular Ca++ causes the fusion of a small number of vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the plasma membrane of the axon terminus, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

Answer 4

voltage-gated Ca++ channels

Question 5

the space between the axon terminus and the postsynaptic neuron

Answer 5

synaptic cleft

Question 6

neurotransmitter receptor binding:
released neurotransmitters bind receptors on the _____________ neurons

Answer 6

postsynaptic

Question 7

____________ results in either excitation or inhibition of depolarization in the post synaptic neuron

Answer 7

receptor binding

Question 8

opening of sodium channels, increased synthesis of excitatory receptors or decreased synthesis of inhibitory membrane receptors - _______________

Answer 8

excitation

Question 9

opening of potassium channels, increased synthesis of inhibitory receptors or suppression of cellular metabolic function - ___________

Answer 9

inhibition

Question 10

__________ is the junction between an axon and muscle fiber

Answer 10

motor end plates

Question 11

motor end plates are a type of synapse that uses (big/small) ____________ molecular rapidly acting neurotransmitters

Answer 11

small

Question 12

small molecules are ——->

Answer 12

rapidly acting neurotransmitters

Question 13

neuropeptide are ——->

Answer 13

slowly acting neurotransmitters

Question 14

• mediate long-term effects through enzyme receptors
• synthesized in the cell body; a neuron may produce more than one type of neuropeptide
• slow removal from the synaptic cleft

Answer 14

Neuropeptide

Question 15

complex networks for signal transduction are created through a combination of extensive dendritis branching, release of simulatory versus inhibitory neurotransmitters, and stimulation of postsynaptic inhibitory versus stimulatory receptors. thus, input from numerous presynaptic neurons may influence the activity of a single postsynaptic neuron.

Answer 15

synaptic complexity

Question 16

(true/false) Excessive activation of excitory ion channel receptors can contributr to disease and death.

Answer 16

true

Question 17

________ occurs when there is excessive release of an excitory neurotransmitter from an injured or degenerating neuron

Answer 17

Excitotoxity

Question 18

During excitotoxity the neurons release excessive amounts of __________

Answer 18

glutamate

Question 19

Glutamate binds _____________ ion channel receptor, resulting in an influx of both Na+ and Ca++

Answer 19

NMDA -> N-methyl-d-aspartate

Question 20

What leads to excessive Ca++ entry into the post synaptic neuron, activating enzyme systems that can kill the cell?

Answer 20

Excessive glutamate-NMDA receptor interaction

Question 21

Which are the enzyme systems that can kill the cell?

Answer 21

proteases
nitric oxide synthetases
phospholipases
endonucleases

Question 22

Excitotoxicity has been implicated in:

Answer 22

stroke
hypoglycemia
viral infections
neurogenerative disorders (e.g. Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease)

Question 23

What inhibits normal removal of acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft?

Answer 23

Organophosphate
Carbamate toxicity (insecticides)

Question 24

Small molecule rapidly acting excitatory neurotransmitter, and the signal is terminated through the activity of the catalytic enzyme acetylcholinesterase - ____________

Answer 24

acetylcholine

Question 25

What inhibits acetylcholinesterase, resulting in no way to terminate the stimulatory signal?

Answer 25

Organophosphates carbamate

Question 26

What does neurotoxic mushrooms (Inocybe and Clitocybe species) contain that can activate a type of acetylcholine receptor in the peripheral autonomic nervous system?

Answer 26

muscarine

Question 27

Symptoms include constricted pupils, hypersalivation, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia, hypotension, labored breathing and sometimes death. Effects can be reversed with atropine, which blocks the interaction between muscarine and its receptor

Answer 27

Neurotoxic mushrooms - contains muscarine that can activate a type of acetylcholine receptor

Question 28

(true/false) Insecticide and mushroom toxicities can cause death, causing structural changes that can be detected on post mortem examination

Answer 28

false - can cause death WITHOUT causing structural changes that can be detected

Question 29

Axon is maintained primarily by the neuron ____________.

Answer 29

cell body

Question 30

____________ are easily recognized microscopically by extensive profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum that stain blue with hematoxylin and eosin. (known as Nissl substance)

Answer 30

Cell bodies

Question 31

The larger the axon, the (smaller/larger) ______________ the cell body

Answer 31

larger

Question 32

The axon volume in _____________ times that of the cell body

Answer 32

1000

Question 33

Which cells are needed to contribute metabolic support along the axon's length?

Answer 33

Glial Cells

Question 34

Neuraxonal dystrophies can have a genetic basis compounded by lower _____________ levels in blood.

Answer 34

antioxidant

Question 35

Examples of Neuraxonal Dystrophies:

Answer 35

degenerative myelopathy in dogs equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy

Question 36

The dilated segments of axon are known as:

Answer 36

spheroids

Question 37

Wallerian degeneration: Thus us the equivalent of amputating the axon, where the segment distal to the amputation _______, and the proximal section _______

Answer 37

dies, survives

Question 38

Why can axons in the periphery regenerate?

Answer 38

Axons in the periphery can regenerate because nerve sheaths provides a guide for the axon to find its original destination

Question 39

If the the nerve sheath is displace, them axon sprouting can go in multiple directions, creating a mass of highly sensitive nerve endings known as a _____________

Answer 39

neuroma

Question 40

Where in the nervous system do axons lack guides and regeneratuion does not occur?

Answer 40

central nervous system

Question 41

What has high metabolic rate and specialization, and are also susceptible to selective injuries?

Answer 41

Neurons

Question 42

When can selective neuronal degeneration and necrosis occur?

Answer 42

With extreme forms of hypoxemia and hypoglycemia

Question 43

degenerate cells will first lose their:

Answer 43

Nissl substance and this is reffered to as central chromatolysis

Question 44

What is often required to establish the cause of neuronal degeneration and/or necrosis?

Answer 44

Clinical Data

Question 45

Clumps of material in the neuron (inclusions) may reflect:

Answer 45

degenerative disorders viral infection

Question 46

Vacuoles (bubbles) suggest a:

Answer 46

metabolic disorder known as lysosomal storage disease or (depending upon distribution) prion disease

Question 47

(true/false) Neurons can be replaced

Answer 47

False

Question 48

Organophosphate toxicity and neurotoxic mushrooms share what in common?

Answer 48

excessive stimulation of excitatory ion channel receptors on the post synaptic neuron

Question 49

Which of the following represents a defect in transport mechanisms that allows the neuron cell body to support the axon?

Answer 49

Neuraxonal dystrophy