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Healthy Population > NP2 > Flashcards

NP2 Flashcards

1
Q

How long is a CVI valid

A

30 days

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2
Q

A typical equine wellness appointment includes

A

A physical ex
Body score condition with nutritional assessment
Dental eval
Fecal flotation
Vaccinations
Yearly Coggins

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3
Q

Where is the anthrax

A

Midwest and southwest
In warm and dry times- July to September

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4
Q

Most common form anthrax ____

A

Cutaneous form in humans
But the most severe is the pulmonary

Just give vaccine and PPE and penicillin

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5
Q

Bad urine leads to which FAD

A

HENDRA VIRUS
- respiratory and neurological disease
- vets in Australia died

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6
Q

What is unique about the Venezuelan equine encephalitis that’s different from the eastern and western equine encephalitis

A

Birds are not a part of the life cycle and it is a FAD
It is in mosquitoes and rodents endemically
It is in mosquitoes and horses as an epidemic

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7
Q

Zoonotic diseases in horses in US

A

Rabies
Equine encephalitis
West Nile virus
Dermatophilosis congolensis - rain scald
Dermatophytosis - ringworm
MRSA
Strep. Zooepidemicus -NF
Strep equi equi - strangles
Clostridiodes difficle : GIT
Salmonella: GIT
Anthrax

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8
Q

Is Fecal egg count reflective of the number of adults in the GIT

A

No it is no because the parasites make eggs at different rates and the number of eggs is not pathogenic

Egg count do not reflect clinical disease

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9
Q

Strongylids horses and hypobiosis with the weather

A

Cold: parasites die or slow development
 Fall : high L3 and eggs
 Winter : decrease in L3 and eggs

Warm: speeds development
 Winter to spring :
• Eggs develop in warm weather
• L3 released in fall are gone by spring ; then new L3 develop in spring

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10
Q

How long to leave pasture for equine parasite control

A

60 days minimum - more larvae will die

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11
Q

What’s the egg reappearance period?

A

It is the time it takes to get eggs in the feces after antihelimnth threatment
— it is the maturation of larvae that is not removed by treatment

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12
Q

Which of these increases development of antihelmintic resistance
Combination of 2 dewormers from different groups
Pour on product
Alternate dewormer
Long action dewormer

A

Pour on product
Alternate dewormer
Long action dewormer

All increase resistance

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13
Q

How to choose for targeted select treatment
Horse
Cattle
Sheep/goat

A

Horse - FEC
Cattle - Milk production and BCS
Sheep/goat - FAMACHA

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14
Q

Best evaluation of the cows nutritional status and energy reserves

A

Body condition scoring

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15
Q

When to palpate a beef cow to pregnancy check

A

In September (around 35-60 days of gestation) —will also get the preweaning vaccine here
Will calve in spring

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16
Q

Vaccination definition

A

preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen that when given stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but does not cause severe infection.

Trying to improve immune system with cellular or humoral immunity

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17
Q

Is there a consistent vaccination protocol in cattle?

A

NO
Every farm, every operation will have DIFFERENT needs, methods of management and production goals – therefore each farm will need a vaccination protocol tailored to their system.

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18
Q

Non productive sow day

A

Gestate -3mo-4 mo
Nurse - 3 weeks
Return to estrus 1 week post weaning
When there the sow is not pregnant

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19
Q

How many fighting teeth in camelid

A

4 canines total and 2 incisors and dental pad
—can take off fighting teeth at gumline

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20
Q

If there are sharp points in cheek teeth in camelid

A

Normal in camelid- never file down

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21
Q

Tail twist vs tail jack

A

THE TAIL TWIST is to move the cattle forward a step
Tail jack is to get blood out of tail and to distract

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22
Q

When to NOT use Oxytetracycline in beef

A

NEVER FOR RESPIRATORY DISEASE

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23
Q

What are we looking at in the horse hoof conformation

A

Medial-lateral balance
— coronary band should be parallel to ground ‘
—medial and later should be the same angle
Dorsal palmar balance

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24
Q

Why are horses trimmed

A

Because growing faster than the hoof is worn away : 4-8 weeks
Excess length
Remove distortion
Improve support
Remove disease

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25
Q

Why do horses have shoes

A

Because the hoof is wearing away faster than the hoof grows
—put it a little bit bigger than the hoof capsule
Corrective therapeutic shoeing
Increase traction for running

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26
Q

Where do the horse shoe nail enter the hoof

A

At the white line

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27
Q

2 things you need to pull horse shoes

A

Clinch cutter
Crease nail puller

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28
Q

Head shaking in a 8yr gelding with twitches and sensitivity in sun

A

Trigeminal neuropathy
—avoid sunlight
—nose net: twich like
— medication

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29
Q

Differentiate between aerophagia, lignophagia, geophagia

A

Aerophagia -air into esophagus, lignophagia -chewing wood,
geophagia- swallow sand or dirt

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30
Q

During small ruminant quarantine after purchase

A

Vaccinate
 Gradually adjust grain diet (if receiving grain)
 Serology– Johne’s, CL, CAE/ OPP
 Deworm (epg reduction test)
 Trim feet —Foot rot

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31
Q

How many acres per small ruminant vs cow calf

A

5 small ruminants = 1 cow/calf unit

1 cow/ calf unit requires 2-3 acres pasture

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32
Q

Do you prefer colostrum replacer or supplement for small ruminant?

A

Colostrum replaces 200ml/kg in first 12 hours

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33
Q

When to castrate small ruminant?

A

1st week of life Dam needs tetanus toxoid vaccine so the small ruminant baby is too young and give young antitoxin at band placement
—banding

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34
Q

Cattle 5 freedoms from

A

Hunger/thirst
Discomfort
Pain or injury
Fear or stress
To express normal behavior

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35
Q

Hay vs straw
Hay vs haylage

A

Hay : to eat the grass part
Straw : Stalk tubular and warmer for bedding [sometimes horses are stupid and eat this]
Hay vs haylage: haylage has less storage and field losses

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36
Q

Is a trace mineral salt or block enough as mineral supplementation for cattle?

A

NO
They need minerals that is NOT that much NaCl

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37
Q

Nutrition of cattle is best checked by…

What do you use to tell if a beef cow is 4/9 or 5/9

A

Beef cattle = BCS
— use the tail head to tell
—4/9 the transverse processes visible but not individually vs 5/9 not visible
Dairy cattle = Monitor weight not BCS
Energy reserve eval =BCS

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38
Q

Beef vs Dairy :

Breed season vs the breeding year
How long is the calving interval

A

The breeding season over 65 days for the beef cattle =12 months
— live cover

The breeding year for the diary cattle =13.5 months
— AI

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39
Q

What are the goals of a beef cow

A

Get pregnant
Calve well
Nurse till weaning

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40
Q

When to give cattle vaccine

A

◦ Frequent Diseases ◦ Fatal Diseases
◦ Financially sound ◦ EFFective vaccines

41
Q

what type of vaccine stimulates IGA production in very young calves under a week old

A

intranasal vaccine of modified live
For IBR PI3 BRSV
—-this is because the IGA that is gotten from colostrum is gone by 3 to 4 days

42
Q

When is active immunity the highest versus passive immunity?

A

Active immunity is getting higher than passive at weaning
The switch happens at 3 to 4 months

43
Q

Postpartum anestrus duration is affected by

A

the age of the cow and the body condition of the cow at Calving
Thinner cows have a longer anestrus .
Cows that are giving birth for the first time have a longer time till they return to cycling120d vs 50-80

44
Q

International CVIs must be endorsed by the

A

USDA to be considered official

45
Q

Brucellosis exists in the us in…
What to do for cattle and swine testing?
Is there a vaccine?

A

Yellowstone - Montana Idaho and Wyoming
Cattle: 2 negatives 1 yr apart
Swine: 1/4 of swing tested each quarter negative

Yes RB51 vax

46
Q

Cattle movement

• To make cattle speed up,
• To make them slow down,
• To make them go forward,
• To make them go backwards,

A

• To make cattle speed up,
walk against their direction
of travel
• To make them slow down,
walk with them.
• To make them go forward,
walk towards their tail
• To make them go backwards,
walk towards their head

47
Q

Why is colostrum so important?

A

Cattle are born without active immunity so they have to survive with passive immunity from colostrum for the first 4 to 5 weeks

FEED 4L IN AT BIRTH [<1-2hr] — 5.2 g/dl TOTAL PROTEIN

48
Q

How does heat treatment affect the immunoglobulins that colostrum offers?

A

Heat treatment of colostrum decreases the bacteria which enables better absorption
It doesn’t affect the amount of immunoglobulins

49
Q

Do you deworm adult cattle in Virginia

A

No-

50
Q

Famacha system

A

• FAMACHA system is different than using the FAMACHA card
o The system is to use the card on every animal every 2 weeks throughout the grazing season from may to September

51
Q

Best tool for generic selection in sheep

A

Fecal egg count- this is because there is a hearibility of immunity from haemonchus contortus
— the egg count illustrates the animals that have fewer worms and are more tolerant
—good relation to the worm burden unlike in horses

52
Q

Discuss how Duddingtonia flagrans can be used in parasite control programs
•

A

It is a fungi that is feed to ruminants and horses that eats the L3 larvae in the faces reducing the exposure in the pasture

53
Q

What antiheminth is FDA approved for eimeria in sheep and goat?

A

This is a coccidia- there are not FDA approved drugs for coccidiosis [ clinical disease] in small ruminant
— there is only preventatives

54
Q

Days open is made up of
What can be shortened

A

It is made up of days till 1st service = voluntary wait period and sync
Then from 1st service to conception

55
Q

Disease risk in dry period

A

Mastitis bc 60 days of not milking ‘
antibiotics - for all cows (not judicious)
Teat sealant

Milking procedures and clean environment

Vaccine for conserved core antigen and lipid A

56
Q

First 30 days of calving disease pathology
5+1

A

Hypocalcemia ‘
Ketosis
Metritis
Recumbency
Displaced abomasum

Mastitis bc down

57
Q

Did you feed low anions or cations to a close up dry cow

A

Feed low cations and calcium
Feed high anions - chloride sulfur phosphorus

Calcium supplementation only post calving

58
Q

What type of Ketosis is more likely to happen right at calving?

A

Secondary Ketosis be cause it is another issue that is not letting the cow eat as much as it needs to

Primary – occurs @ peak lactation; cow CANNOT eat enough to
support heavy milking
Secondary – occurs in the fresh period; something is causing cow to
NOT eat enough

59
Q

Maximum milk is made in….

A

60-100 days in milk- at the end of the voluntary waiting period

60
Q

What is an indicator of the udder health

A

The somatic cell count
Good is under 200k in a ml

61
Q

What is the vet doing in a dairy herd check

A

Palpate cows: more important to find ones that are not showing heat or bred, it is important to cull the waste

Also just freshened and dry checks

62
Q

What are the parameters we are looking at with a swine production

A

Number of piglets per litter (want 11.5 pigs/ littler)
BCS - based on if the backbone is prominent
Feet and leg
Water intake : 3 L in piglets and 12-25L in all others

63
Q

When sows return to estrus after weaning their piglets

A

4-7 days after weaning

64
Q

What is a nonproductive day (NPD)

A

It is when a sow is not lactating or pregnant
— it should be 4-7 days from weaning to estrus so can service

Affected by less protein, low BCS/food, less than 21 day lactation [big piglet drained mom]

65
Q

Main reason for culling a sow is

’ Poor performance
’ Fail to return to heat
’ Lameness

A

Lameness!!

But all are reasons

66
Q

I have been sneezing and have a fever can i enter the swine facility?

I visited another swine facility 4 days ago can i enter?

A

I have been sneezing and have a fever can i enter the swine facility?
—No the swine have zoonosis potentially with flu

I visited another swine facility 4 days ago can i enter?
—Yes- need 3 days between facilities

67
Q

What vaccines MUST each species get
Horse
Camelid
Beef cattle
Dairy cattle
Sheep and goat
Swine

A

Horse: Rabies, EEE WEE WNV Tatanus
Camelid : Clostridium and Tetanus
Beef and dairy : 5 ways to respiratory+ 5 way lepto, 7 way clostridium, Brucella vaccine (RB51), coliform mastitis vaccine (dry off), tetanus
Sheep and goat: tetanus at castration and clostridium
Swine: Ecoli vaccine and clostridium, Bordetella bronchisepticum/ pasteurella multocida vaccine (atrophic rhinitis), Diamond skin dz vaccine (erysipelas), Mycoplasma hyopnuemoniae, streptococcus suis, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

68
Q

Must have vaccines for potbelly pigs

A

Atrophic rhinitis and M Hyopneumoniae
Rabies and tetanus for human concerns
Pre-breeding: Parvovirus, Lepto, Erysiepalas

69
Q

THE PIGLETS At processing

A

Clip their teeth
Administer iron 200 mg
Ear notch or tattoo
Clip umbilical chords
Dock tails
Castrate

70
Q

Why do honeybees die?

A

Chemical (pesticide) residues/contamination
Parasite infestations (especially Varroa)
Diseases – American foulbrood, European fouldbrood,
viruses (many), Nosema ceranae, etc.
Queen failure
Weather
Stress – poor nutrition, moving, cold,
Damage due to vandalism or bears

71
Q

American foulbrood versus European foulbrood

A

The American Food is spore forming so you have to incinerate to get rid of the bacteria
Where is the European foulbrood is not spore forming so if possible just isolate the queen and don’t let her create a new brood and the bacteria will leave

72
Q

What is a honeybee parasite that is a spore forming fungus?

A

Nosema reduces the lifespan and the worker quality, causes diarrhea

73
Q

How long to quarantine small ruminant before entering herd

A

30 days 100 feet away

74
Q

Purchasing sheep from sale barn,

A

So bad-dont to it
Too much co-mingling

75
Q

Docking tails and small ruminant

A

Up until distal of part caudal tail told
If too short= can cause anal tone lose & rectal prolapse

76
Q

Steps to castrate commercial small ruminant

A

With Ellastrator band and tetanus toxoid at 1 week for commercial herd

Do it with disbudding with lidocaine block _ hold iron for under 3 seconds

77
Q

In small ruminant when is there egg rise?

A

Pre-partum or peripartum because of the immonosuppresion of dam
Improve nutrition

78
Q

HOTC complex

A

Haemonchus mainly
clinical signs of dehydration, anemia bottle, dry due to hypo anemia and diarrhea
Deworm in those with the clinical signs above 500 to 750 eggs per gram
Or in 1500 egg per gram without clinical signs

79
Q

What is a high contaminator for targeted selective, deworming and horses?

A

It is anything greater than 500 eggs per gram
These accounts don’t indicate clinical disease for horses
Young horses are treated as high shed, regardless of egg

80
Q

What is 100% accurate way to confirm death in a horse

A

Corneal reflex

81
Q

What are the caveat of taking a food animal to slaughter instead of euthanasia?

A

To be slaughtered, they have to be able to walk in and there can’t be disseminated disease (like cancer)

82
Q

Captive bolt goes between….
Horse
Cow
Goat /sheep
Camelid
Pig

A

Horse — X between the eyes and the ears
Cow — X between the (lateral canthus) eyes and horns (must use secondary method too)
Goat /sheep—x between the horns and the ears < from the top of the head>
Camelid— From the poll-top of the head
Pig— non-penetrating captive bolt in sucking pigs; an older pigs, penetrating captive bolt/heart stick/shocked and exanguinate

83
Q

What sizes of the handgun bullet is good for a bovine?

A

9 mm
.45 ACP
.38 SPECIAL
.357 MAGNUM

WITH A FULL METAL JACKET THAT IS NEEDED TO PENETRATE

84
Q

How much space between the captive bold gun and the head?
How much space between the handgun and the head of the animal?
How much space between the rifle and the the head of the animal?

A

Penetrating captive bolt no space between the head and gun

6 to 12 inches between the handgun and head

3 feet between the rifle and head

do not put the rifle or handgun on the head

85
Q

What are some secondary methods for a penetrating cap of bold to be confirmed?

A

KCl
Pitting rod
Second shot
Exsanguination

This is done because 10% of animals won’t die with a penetrating captive shot

Dvm prefers: Xylazine- captive bold gun- pithing rod

86
Q

The way that food animal zymosis enters susceptible hosts from the reservoir

A

Environmental transmission
Direct contact
Food

87
Q

How do people most commonly get brucellosis?

A

By drinking raw and unpasteurized milk from Bros is positive cows or those that have been vaccinated with RB 51

88
Q

Q fever

A

Happens in small romance commonly, and there are abortion storms
In humans, it is asymptomatic or flu, like symptoms with potential pneumonia mostly from inhaling the bacteria

89
Q

Drift versus shift of influenza viruses

A

Drift is when it is a slow change in genome of the army virus

Shift is when chunks of the viral genome are Reas quickly and multiple strains recombine

90
Q

What disease from pigs can cause meningitis shock and has a significant mortality rate and long-term neurological effects

A

Streptococcus suis
Often from raw pork consumption

Also, nipah virus

91
Q

Diseases that come from birds to humans and their clinical signs

A

High pathogenic avian influenza
Virulent Newcastle disease
PSITTACOSIS-has elementary body and multiple servers transmission and respiratory secretion

High pathogenic, avian influenza, and variant Newcastle disease cause mild symptoms, but a high mortality rate in humans AND conjunctivitis

PSITTACOSIS caused respiratory disease in humans

92
Q

What disease can get to humans through the egg of a bird

A

Salmonella and PSITTACOSIS

Not any of the avian influenza

93
Q

Raw milk can cause these diseases

A

Listeriosis
Q fever
Brucellosis
Campylobacter fetus fetus

Campylobacter jejuni jejuni **most common cause of human gastroenteritis*^

94
Q

Never vaccinate a mare ____ days of pregnancy

A

90

95
Q

When to start vaccinating foal

A

4-6 months

96
Q

Preconditioned calves

A

Calves that have been
• Weaned - for a minimum of 45 days
• Processed – vaccinated, castrated, dehorned and
identified
• “Bunk broke” – trained to eat from a bunk and drink
from a trough

97
Q

Beef vs dairy weaning
Pigs

A

Beef : 7 months (spring calving), 8 months (fall calving)
DAIRY : 2 months
Pigs: 21 days
Small rum: 2 months

98
Q

Zinc sulfate foot bath

A

For foot rot in small ruminant

Healthy Population (4 decks)

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