NPTE Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
Coffee ground emesis indicates what?
A
Peptic ulcers
2
Q
What is it called when there is a blockage that stops/slows conduction across that point in the nerve?
Conduction above and below that point is normal.
Recovery is possible
A
Neuropraxia
3
Q
What is it called when the neural tube is intact, but there is axonal damage with Wallerian Degeneration?
Surgical intervention required
A
Axonotmesis
4
Q
What is it called when there is total loss of axonal function with disruption of the neural tube?
Surgical intervention required
A
Neurotmesis
5
Q
What is the best joint mob for adhesive capsulitis?
A
Posterior inferior GH glide
6
Q
Describe the 5 different joint mobility grades:
A
1) SMALL amplitude of movement performed at the BEGINNING of the RANGE
2) LARGE amplitude of movement performed WITHIN THE RANGE, but not reaching the limit
3) LARGE amplitude RHYTHMIC OSCILLATIONS are performed UP TO THE LIMIT OF AVAILABLE MOTION and are stressed into the tissue resistance
4) SMALL amplitude RHYTHMIC OSCILLATIONS are performed AT THE LIMIT of available motion and stressed into the tissue resistance
5) SMALL amplitude HIGH VELOCITY THRUST technique performed to snap adhesions at the limit of range
7
Q
Supine to sit test: describe the innominate rotation
- Affected leg is long when in supine and short when in sitting
- Affected leg is short when in supine and long when in sitting
A
- Anterior innominate rotation
- Posterior innominate rotation
8
Q
Define the following BP categories:
Normal:
Elevated:
Stage 1 HTN:
Stage 2 HTN:
Hypertensive Crisis:
A
Normal: < 120 / < 80
Elevated: 120 - 129 / < 80
Stage 1 HTN: 130 - 139 / 80 - 90
Stage 2 HTN: 140 - 149 / 80 - 90
Hypertensive Crisis: 140 / 90 or greater
9
Q
What is the equation for cardiac output?
A
CO = HR x SV
10
Q
Use the mnemonic for the 6-20 RPE scale to recall exertional levels
A
“SHVEM”
13 - Somewhat hard
15- Hard
17 - Very Hard
19 - Extremely Hard
20 - Maximal exertion
11 - Light
9 - Very light
7.5 - Extremely light
6 - None
11
Q
Describe where to auscultate the heart sounds
A
APT M 2245
Aorta - 2nd ICS on R (sternal border)
Pulmonary - 2nd ICS on L (sternal border)
Tricuspid - 4th ICS on L (sternal border)
Mitral - 5th ICS midclavicular line on L
12
Q
S1 heart sound
Sound?
What does it signify?
When does it occur?
A
Sound = lub
Signify = closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
Occurs at = onset of systole
13
Q
S2 heart sound
Sound?
Signify?
Occurs at?
A
Sound: dub
Signify: closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
Occurs at: onset of diastole
14
Q
S3 Heart Sound
Sound?
Occurs during?
Signifies?
A
Sound: ventricular gallop
Occurs during ventricular filling
Signifies heart failure
15
Q
S4 heart sound
Sound?
Occurs during?
Associated with?
A
Sound: atrial gallop
Occurs during: ventricular filling and atrial contraction
Associated with HTN and myocardial infarction
16
Q
How will you modify your communication with a patient who has Broca’s aphasia?
A
Ask “yes or no” questions
17
Q
How will you modify your communication with a patient who has Wernicke’s aphasia?
A
Use gestures and demonstration
18
Q
Recall the mnemonic for knowing the locations of the cranial nerves
A
“CE MI PONS MEDU”
Cerebrum: 1 & 2
Midbrain: 3 & 4
Pons: 5, 6, 7, 8
Medulla: 9, 10, 11, 12
19
Q
Hearing loss uses Rinne and Weber’s tests. What order do the tests need to be performed in and what do they tell you?
A
- Rinne - Type of hearing loss (conductive vs. sensorineural)
- Weber - side of hearing loss
20
Q
Rinne test: what do the following results mean?
AC > BC:
BC > AC:
A
AC > BC: normal or sensorineural loss (inner ear)
BC > AC: conduction loss (outer ear)
21
Q
Weber’s test: interpret the results
Heard equal on both sides:
Heard Louder in Normal ear:
Heard Louder in Affected ear:
A
Heard equal on both sides: normal
Mnemonic: “CANS” - Conduction Affected; Normal Sensorineural
Heard Louder in Normal ear: sensorineural loss (inner ear)
Heard Louder in Affected ear: conduction loss (outer ear)
22
Q
Deviation of the uvula (Affected by CN 10) is to what side?
A
Contralateral to the lesion
23
Q
Deviation of the tongue (Affected by CN 12) is to what side?
A
Ipsilateral to the injury (lick the lesion(
24
Q
Lung volumes:
1) Inspiratory capacity = _________________ + __________________
2) Functional residual capacity = __________________ + ________________
3) Vital capacity = ________________ + __________________ + ________________
4) Total lung capacity = _____________ + _______________ + _______________ + __________________
A
1) inspiratory reserve volume + Tidal volume
2) expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
3) expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
4) inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
Volumes make up capacities
25
Lung volumes:
1) What is a normal tidal volume amount?
2) How much greater is the inspiratory reserve volume than the tidal volume?
3) How much greater is the expiratory reserve volume than the tidal volume?
4) How much greater is the residual volume than the tidal volume?
1) 500 mL
2) 5-6x tidal volume
3) 2.5x tidal volume
4) 2.5x tidal volume
26
What lung volumes or capacities INCREASE with obstructive diseases such as COPD?
1. Tidal volume
2. Functional residual capacity
3. Residual volume
4. Total lung volume
*all others decrease
27
What happens to the FEV1 in restrictive diseases such as pneumonia and fibrosis?
Remains normal
(FEV1/FEV > 80%)
28
COPD Gold Classification:
I (mild): FEV1 > ________
II (moderate): FEV1 ________
III (severe): FEV1 _________
IV (very severe): FEV1 ________
I (mild): FEV1 > 80%
II (moderate): FEV1 50 - 80%
III (severe): FEV1 30 - 50%
IV (very severe): FEV1 < 30%
*all FEV1/FVC < 70%
29
VESICULAR breath sounds
Duration of sounds:
Intensity:
Pitch of Expiratory:
Location:
Duration of sounds: inspiratory longer than expiratory
Intensity: soft
Pitch of Expiratory: low
Location: over most of lungs
30
BRONCHO-VESICULAR breath sounds
Duration of sounds:
Intensity:
Pitch of Expiratory:
Location:
Duration of sounds: Inspiratory & expiratory sounds are equal
Intensity: intermediate
Pitch of Expiratory: intermediate
Location: btw 1st and 2nd interspace anteriorly & between the scapulae
31
BRONCHIAL breath sounds
Duration of sounds:
Intensity:
Pitch of Expiratory:
Location:
Duration of sounds: Expiratory sounds longer than inspiratory ones
Intensity: Loud
Pitch of Expiratory: High
Location: over manubrium
32
Tracheal breath sounds
Duration of sounds:
Intensity:
Pitch of Expiratory:
Location:
Duration of sounds: both inspiratory and expiratory are equal
Intensity: very loud
Pitch of Expiratory: relatively high
Location: over trachea in the neck
33
What are low-pitched, rattling lung sounds that often resemble snoring?
Can be heard in pts w/ COPD, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, or cystic fibrosis (aka Obstructive Diseases)
Rhonchi
34
What is a high-pitched sound heard in expiration caused by airway obstruction (such as asthma, COPD, or aspiration of any foreign body)?
In severe constriction it may be heard in inspiration as well.
Wheeze
35
What are brief, discontinuous, popping lung sounds that are high pitched and heard on both inspiration and expiration.
Inspiratory: atelectasis, pneumonia, CHF/pulmonary edema
Expiratory: fluid in alveoli, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia
Crackles / Rales
36
What does a pleural rub indicate?
Pleural inflammation
37
Bronchophony
1. What is it?
2. What does it indicate?
1. Increased vocal resonance w/ greater clarity and loudness of spoken words (ex. 99)
2. Secretions/consolidation, airless lung segments
38
Egophony
1. What is it?
2. What does in indicate?
1. A form of bronchophony in which the spoken long “E” sounds changes to a long, nasal sounding “A”
2. Secretions in lung
39
Whispered Pectoriloquy
1. What is it?
2. What does it indicate?
1. Increased loudness of whispering. Recognition of whispered words “1,2,3”
2. Secretions in lung, airless lung segment
40
Whispered Pectoriloquy
1. What is it?
2. What does it indicate?
1. Increased loudness of whispering. Recognition of whispered words “1,2,3”
2. Secretions in lung, airless lung segment
41
Normal pH level
7.35 - 7.35
42
Normal PaCO2 level
35 - 45 mmHg
43
Normal HCO3 level
22 - 26 mEq/L
44
What are the values for ACIDIC blood gas
1. pH
2. PaCO2
3. HCO3
1. < 7.35
2. > 45
3. < 22
45
What are the values for ALKALINE blood gas
1. pH
2. PaCO2
3. HCO3
1. > 7.45
2. < 35
3. > 26
46
How do you determine respiratory or metabolic causes of acid/base disruption?
Respiratory cause if CO2 value is abnormal
Metabolic cause if HCO3 value is abnormal
47
In gait…
1. contracture will cause a decrease in the ROM of ____________ motion
2. weakness will cause a decrease in the ROM of the _________ motion
1. Opposite
2. Same
48
True or False:
Pressure tolerant areas of a limb will have transient redness following prosthetic use
True
49
What are the 4 pressure tolerant areas of a transtibial amputation?
1. Patellar tendon
2. Medial tibial plateau
3. Tibial and Fibular shafts
4. Distal end (rarely, may be sensitive)
50
Hot Pack
Tx temp:
Tx time:
_________ layers
When is the highest burn risk and why?
Tx temp: 160 - 170°
Tx time: 20 - 30 minutes
6 - 8 layers
Highest burn risk in the first 5 minutes b/c hot pack reaches peak temp. Check pt at 5 minutes.
51
Cold Pack
Tx temp:
Tx time:
Application frequency:
Stages of cold:
Tx temp: 25 deg.
Tx time: 10 - 20 minutes
Application frequency: 1 - 2 hours
Stages of cold: Cold, Burning, Aching/analgesia, Numbness
52
High-Voltage Pulsed Galvanic Current
1. Which electrode is used for INFLAMED or INFECTED wounds?
2. Which electrode is used for wounds WITHOUT INFLAMMATION?
1. Negative
2. Positive
53
Iontophoresis:
What are the medications that use negative ions (i.e. put negative electrode on meds)?
Pneumonic = “I. S. A. D.”
Iodine
Salicylate
Acetate
Dexamethasone
54
What are the cardinal signs of Parkinson’s Disease?
T.R.A.P
Tremor
Rigidity
Akinesia
Postural instability
55
Hoehn and Yhar Classification of Disability
Stage 1: minimal or absent; ___________ if present
Stage 2: minimal ____________ or midline involvement. ___________ not impaired
Stage 3: impaired _____________ reflexes. Unsteadiness when turning or rising from chair. Some activities are restricted, but pt can live independently and continue some forms of employment
Stage 4: All symptoms present and _________. Standing and walking possible only with ____________.
Stage 5: ___________ to bed or wheelchair.
Stage 1: minimal or absent; UNILATERAL if present
Stage 2: minimal BILATERAL or midline involvement. BALANCE not impaired
Stage 3: impaired RIGHTING reflexes. Unsteadiness when turning or rising from chair. Some activities are restricted, but pt can live independently and continue some forms of employment
Stage 4: All symptoms present and SEVERE Standing and walking possible only with ASSISTANCE
Stage 5: CONFINED to bed or wheelchair.
56
Hoehn and Yhar Classification of Disability
Stage 1: minimal or absent; ___________ if present
Stage 2: minimal ____________ or midline involvement. ___________ not impaired
Stage 3: impaired _____________ reflexes. Unsteadiness when turning or rising from chair. Some activities are restricted, but pt can live independently and continue some forms of employment
Stage 4: All symptoms present and _________. Standing and walking possible only with ____________.
Stage 5: ___________ to bed or wheelchair.
Stage 1: minimal or absent; UNILATERAL if present
Stage 2: minimal BILATERAL or midline involvement. BALANCE not impaired
Stage 3: impaired RIGHTING reflexes. Unsteadiness when turning or rising from chair. Some activities are restricted, but pt can live independently and continue some forms of employment
Stage 4: All symptoms present and SEVERE Standing and walking possible only with ASSISTANCE
Stage 5: CONFINED to bed or wheelchair.
57
What is the 1st early symptom of Parkinson’s Disease?
Loss of smell
58
What kind of diet can block the effectiveness of Levodopa in Parkinson’s pts?
High-protein diet
59
Multiple Sclerosis
1) __________ motor neuron disorder
2) ____________ disease
3) Progressive _____________ of neurons in CNS
1) UPPER motor neuron disorder
2) AUTOIMMUNE disease
3) Progressive DEMYELINATION of neurons in CNS
60
Signs & Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
1) How are motor and sensory systems affected?
2) Is the cerebellum affected?
3) Gait may be ataxia, uneven steps, scissoring, and _________ spasticity in LE
4) Is the bladder affected?
5) Is emotion affected?
6) Is cognition affected?
7) What cranial nerves are affected?
8) What does a therapist need to watch closely for during exercise?
1) Motor = spasticity (b/c UMN lesion); Sensory = numbness & parenthesis
2) Yes, results in nystagmus, coordination & balance deficits, ataxia, and intention tremors
3) Gait may be ataxia, uneven steps, scissoring, and EXTENSOR spasticity in LE
4) Yes, may be spastic or flaccid
5) yes, pseudobulbar affect
6) Yes, diminished attention and concentration
7) CN II - optic neuritis, CN 5 - trigeminal neuralgia
8) Fatigue & heat intolerance
61
The following are 4 unique S&S of Multiple Sclerosis: What does each mean?
1. Lhermitte’s sign
2. Uhthoff’s Phenomenon
3. Charcot’s Triad
4. Cranial Nerve II
1. Neck flexion causes electric shock down spine
2. Heat makes symptoms worse
3. Scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus
4. Optic neuritis; Marcus Gunn Pupil - pupil will dilate w/ pupillary light reflex
62
The following are 4 unique S&S of Multiple Sclerosis: What does each mean?
1. Lhermitte’s sign
2. Uhthoff’s Phenomenon
3. Charcot’s Triad
4. Cranial Nerve II
1. Neck flexion causes electric shock down spine
2. Heat makes symptoms worse
3. Scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus
4. Optic neuritis; Marcus Gunn Pupil - pupil will dilate w/ pupillary light reflex
63
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
1) UMN or LMN disorder?
2) progressive neurological disorder that damages _______ cells and causes disability
3) Death of _________ neuron (no sensory symptoms)
1) both
2) progressive neurological disorder that damages NERVE cells and causes disability
3) Death of MOTOR neuron (no sensory symptoms)
64
Signs and Symptoms of ALS
1. Muscle ___________ & ____________ (LMN)
2. Spasticity & _____reflexia (UMN)
3. Dysphasia (difficulty speaking) & Dysarthria (Slurred speech) — Bulbar (CNs __________)
4. Cognition: ___________, attention deficits
5. ______________ affect - emotional lability
6. Cervical spine ____________ weakness is common
7. Death secondary to _________________ weakness
1. Muscle ATROPHY & FASCICULATIONS (LMN)
2. Spasticity & HYPERreflexia (UMN)
3. Dysphasia (difficulty speaking) & Dysarthria (Slurred speech) — Bulbar (CNs 9, 10, 11,12)
4. Cognition: DEMENTIA, attention deficits
5. PSEUDOBULBAR affect - emotional lability
6. Cervical spine EXTENSOR weakness is common
7. Death secondary to RESPIRATORY MUSCLE weakness
65
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
1. UMN or LMN disease?
2. Type of disease?
3. Cause of disease?
4. Acute inflammatory demyelination _______________
5. Rapid _____________ loss of myelin in nerve roots, peripheral nerves, and cranial nerves.
1. LMN
2. Autoimmune
3. Occurs after infection
4. Acute inflammatory demyelination POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY
5. Rapid ASYMMETRICAL loss of myelin in nerve roots, peripheral nerves, and cranial nerves.
66
Signs and Symptoms of GBS:
1. Motor loss/ paralysis is _________ and progressive and occurs in a ________ to ________ fashion
2. Sensory loss occurs in a __________________________ distribution and consists of burning, tingling, and numbness
3. Reflexes are __________
4. What cranial nerves are involved?
1. Motor loss/ paralysis is RAPID and progressive and occurs in a DISTAL to PROXIMAL fashion
2. Sensory loss occurs in a GLOVE AND STOCKING distribution and consists of burning, tingling, and numbness
3. Reflexes are DECREASED/ABSENT
4. CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII
67
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Interventions:
- ____________ care
- Teach __________ conservation techniques
- Avoid overuse and ____________ (can prolong recovery)
- Recovery = _________ months, may recover fully
- RESPIRATORY care
- Teach ENERGY conservation techniques
- Avoid overuse and FATIGUE (can prolong recovery)
- Recovery = 6 - 12 months, may recover fully
68
Describe the following characteristics of a RIGHT hemisphere stroke:
1. Tone/sensation:
2. Impairments:
3. Behavior:
4. Intellectual:
5. Emotional:
6. Common:
1. Tone/sensation: Left hemiparesis/hemisensory loss
2. Impairments: Visual-perceptual impairments including neglect & difficulty w/ visual cues
3. Behavior: Quick, impulsive, safety risk
4. Intellectual: rigidity of thought
5. Emotional: difficult w/ negative emotions
6. Common: homonymous hemianopsia
*Think "baby"
69
Describe the following characteristics of a LEFT hemisphere stroke:
1. Tone/sensation:
2. Impairments:
3. Behavior:
4. Intellectual:
5. Emotional:
6. Common:
1. Tone/sensation: Right hemiparesis/hemisensory loss
2. Impairments: Language impairments including aphasias & difficulty w/ verbal cues
3. Behavior: slow, cautious
4. Intellectual: highly distractible
5. Emotional: difficulty w/ positive emotions
6. Common: homonymous hemianopsia
*Think "old person"
70
Anterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms:
- _______________ hemiparesis (LE)
- _______________ hemisensory loss (LE)
- ___________ incontinence
- Problems with imitation, ___________ tasks, apraxia
- Slowness, delay, __________ inaction
- _____________ grasp reflex, sucking reflex
- CONTRALATERAL hemiparesis (LE)
- CONTRALATERAL hemisensory loss (LE)
- URINARY incontinence
- Problems with imitation, BIMANUAL tasks, apraxia
- Slowness, delay, MOTOR inaction
- CONTRALATERAL grasp reflex, sucking reflex
**Anything that resembles a baby
71
Anterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms:
- _______________ hemiparesis (LE)
- _______________ hemisensory loss (LE)
- ___________ incontinence
- Problems with imitation, ___________ tasks, apraxia
- Slowness, delay, __________ inaction
- _____________ grasp reflex, sucking reflex
- CONTRALATERAL hemiparesis (LE)
- CONTRALATERAL hemisensory loss (LE)
- URINARY incontinence
- Problems with imitation, BIMANUAL tasks, apraxia
- Slowness, delay, MOTOR inaction
- CONTRALATERAL grasp reflex, sucking reflex
**Anything that resembles a baby
72
Middle Cerebral Artery
Signs and Symptoms:
- ______________ hemiparesis (UE and face)
- ______________ contralateral hemisensory loss (UE and face)
- ______________ ___________ impairments (for L sided lesions) Broca, Wernicke’s, Global aphasia
- _____________ disorders (for R sided lesions): unilateral neglect
- _______________ homonymous hemianopsia (occur in both R and L sided lesions)
- CONTRALATERAL hemiparesis (UE and face)
- CONTRALATERAL contralateral hemisensory loss (UE and face)
- LANGUAGE SPEECH impairments (for L sided lesions) Broca, Wernicke’s, Global aphasia
- PERCEPTUAL disorders (for R sided lesions): unilateral neglect
- CONTRALATERAL homonymous hemianopsia (occur in both R and L sided lesions)
73
Broca’s Aphasia
- occurs d/t lesion of the ___________ branch of MCA
- What does “B.E.N.” mean?
- Patients understand what type of questions?
- occurs d/t lesion of the SUPERIOR branch of MCA
- Broken speech, Expressive, Non-fluent
- Yes/no
74
Wernicke’s Aphasia
- occurs d/t lesion of the __________ branch of MCA
- ____________ aphasia
- ____________ (able to reply, can’t understand “yes/no”)
- How should the therapist communicate treatment to these patients?
- occurs d/t lesion of the INFERIOR branch of MCA
- RECEPTIVE aphasia (word salad)
- FLUENT (able to reply; can’t understand “yes/no”)
- via demo
75
Global Aphasia
- occurs d/t lesion of _________ of MCA
- occurs d/t lesion of STEM of MCA
76
Posterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms — PERIPHERAL TERRITORY
- _______________ homonymous hemianposia
- Visual agnostia: ___________ (unable to recognize faces)
- _______________ (difficulty reading) without _____________ (difficulty writing)
- ________ discrimination
- Memory deficits
- ________________ disorientation
Posterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms — PERIPHERAL TERRITORY
- CONTRALATERAL homonymous hemianposia
- Visual agnostia: PROSOPAGNOSIA (unable to recognize faces)
- DYSLEXIA (difficulty reading) without AGRAPHIA (difficulty writing)
- COLOR discrimination
- Memory deficits
- TOPOGRAPHICAL disorientation
77
Posterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms — CENTRAL TERRITORY
- __________ involved leading to immense pain
- THALAMUS involved leading to immense pain
78
Brunnstrom Stages of Stroke Recovery
1) __________: no active limb movement
2) beginning of minimal voluntary movement; in ________, with ___________ reactions; increased tone
3) voluntary control of movement synergy (spasticity __________)
4) movement ___________ of synergy; tone _________
5) increased ___________ movement, greater __________ from limb synergies
6) individual _______ movement; ____________ movement
7) ___________ function
1) FLACCIDTY no active limb movement
2) beginning of minimal voluntary movement; in SYNERGY with ASSOCIATED reactions; increased tone
3) voluntary control of movement synergy (spasticity PEAKS)
4) movement OUTSIDE of synergy; tone DECREASES
5) increased COMPLEX movement, greater INDEPENDENCE from limb synergies
6) individual JOINT movement; COORDINATED movement
7) NORMAL function
79
Spasticity in UE
Think “Chicken Dance”
Scapula:
Shoulder:
Elbow:
Forearm:
Wrist:
Hand:
Think “Chicken Dance”
Scapula: retraction, downward rotation
Shoulder: adduction, IR, depression
Elbow: flexion
Forearm: pronation
Wrist: flexion, adduction
Hand: finger flexion, clenched fist thumb, adducted in palm
80
Spasticity Pattern in LE
Think “Ballerina”
Pelvis:
Hip:
Knee:
Foot/ankle:
Think “Ballerina”
Pelvis: retraction (hip hiking)
Hip: Adduction (scissoring), IR, Extension
Knee: Extension
Foot/ankle: Plantarflexion, Inversion, Equinovarus, Toes claw, Toes curl
81
UE Flexion Synergy
“Showing off biceps”
Scapula:
Shoulder:
Elbow:
Wrist and finger:
“Showing off biceps”
Scapula: retraction/elevation or hyperextension
Shoulder: abduction, external rotation
Elbow: flexion
Wrist and finger: flexion
82
UE Extension Synergy
“Waiter’s tip”
Scapula:
Shoulder:
Elbow:
Forearm:
Wrist and finger:
“Waiter’s tip”
Scapula: protraction
Shoulder: adduction, IR
Elbow: extension
Forearm: pronation
Wrist and finger: flexion
83
LE Flexion Synergy
“Figure 4 position”
Hip:
Knee:
Ankle:
Toe:
“Figure 4 position”
Hip: flexion, abduction, ER
Knee: flexion
Ankle: DF, inversion
Toe: DF
84
LE Extension Synergy
“Ballerina”
Hip:
Knee:
Ankle:
Toe:
“Ballerina”
Hip: extension, adduction, IR
Knee: extension
Ankle: PF, inversion
Toe: PF
85
Peds Milestones Poem
3 I lift my _________
4 lay on my ________
5 __________ to ________
And at 6 I _____________
7 ___________,
At 8, can’t wait to ___________ (9)
Creep, cruise, and stand alone at ______,
Then _______ and stack ___________
3 I lift my HEAD
4 lay on my SIDE
5 PRONE to SUPINE
And at 6 I SIT UPRIGHT
7 QUADRUPED,
At 8, can’t wait to CRUISE (9)
Creep, cruise, and stand alone at 9
Then WALK and stack TWO CUBES
86
Describe the TRACTION neonatal reflex
Therapist grasp the baby’s forearm and pulls the baby up from supine into a sitting position
The baby reflexively grasps and flexes the UE
87
Describe the TRACTION neonatal reflex
Therapist grasp the baby’s forearm and pulls the baby up from supine into a sitting position
The baby reflexively grasps and flexes the UE
88
Describe the ASYMMETRICAL TONIC NECK REFLEX (ATNR) in neonates
The baby rotes the head to one side then reflexively extends the arm that the head is rotated towards and flexes the opposite arm “bow and arrow”
89
Describe the MORO neonatal reflex
The therapist drops the baby backwards from sitting
The baby reflexively extends and abducts the UE, opens hands and cries —-> then flexion and adduction of arms across chest
90
Describe the SYMMETRICAL TONIC LABRYINTHINE REFLEX (TLR/STLR)
When the baby is in prone, the baby will reflexively flex all limbs
When the baby is in supine, the baby will reflexively extend all limbs
91
Describe the SYMMETRICAL TONIC NECK (STNR)
Head flexion results in flexion of the UE and extension of the LE
Head extension results in extension of the UEs and flexion of the LEs
92
Neonatal Reflex Integration Timeline
1-2 months:
3 months:
2 - 5 months:
6 months:
9 months:
12 months:
1-2 months: flex/ext (flexor withdrawal & crossed extensor)
3 months: rooting reflex
2 - 5 months: traction response (aka #25 lbs)
6 months: PAM’s TP (palmar, ATNR, Moro, sucking, TLR, positive support)
9 months: plantar grasp
12 months: BS (babinski, STNR)
93
What is Milroy’s disease?
A type of primary lymphedema that occurs in individuals aged 0 - 2 years
94
What is Filariasis?
A type of secondary lymphedema (aka acquired) that usually occurs d/t an infection (ex. Elephantitis) from a bite
95
Stages of Lymphedema
0 (latency): heaviness, negative stemmer sign, tissue and skin appear normal
1 (reversible): pitting edema, edema reduces w/ elevation, negative stemmer sign
2 (spontaneously irreversible): hard swelling, non-pitting brawny edema, positive stemmer sign, fibrosclerotic
3 (lymphoblastic elephantiasis): brawny, non-pitting edema, weeping, positive stemmer sign, papillomas, hyper keratosis, repeated infection
96
Grading of Pitting Edema
1+ = mild, < _____ inch pitting
2+ = moderate, depression returns to normal within ______ seconds; ________ inch pitting
3+ = severe, depression takes ________ seconds to rebound; ________ inch pitting
4+ = very severe, depression lasts for > _____ seconds or more, > ______ inch pitting
1+ = mild, < 1/4 inch pitting
2+ = moderate, depression returns to normal within 15 seconds; 1/4 - 1/2 inch pitting
3+ = severe, depression takes 15 - 30 seconds to rebound; 1/2 - 1 inch pitting
4+ = very severe, depression lasts for > 30 seconds or more, > 1 inch pitting
97
Name the condition:
- bilateral condition affecting lower extremities
- distal areas spared
- fat accumulation
- skin is sensitive to touch and pressure (easily bruised and painful)
- Cause = hereditary, genetic, hormones
Lipedema
98
What are the 3 components of Complete Decongestive Therapy for Lymphedema management?
1. Manual lymphatic drainage
2. Compression therapy - short stretch/low stretch bandages (high working pressure & low resting pressure)
3. Exercises: perform proximal to distal (breathing, then spine/trunk exercises, then extremity exercises)
99
What conditions require Contact Precautions?
Mnemonic: MRS. WEE
Multidrug resistant organism
Respiratory infection
Skin infection
Wound infection
Enteric (C. Diff)
Eye infection (conjunctivitis)
100
Contact Precautions include what PPE and precautions?
PPE: gloves and gown
Pt transport: pt washes hands if they leave room
101
What conditions require Droplet Precuations?
Mnemonic: SPIDER-MAN
Sepsis/scarlet fever/strep
Parvovirus B19/penumonia/pertussis
Influenza
Diphtheria (pharyngeal)
Epiglottis
Rubella
Mumps/meningitis/mycoplasma/meningeal pneumonia
ANenovirous
102
Droplet Precautions
PPE:
Room:
Pt Transport:
PPE: surgical mask when within 3 ft of pt; contact precautions (Gown and gloves) when skin lesions present
Room: negative air flow
Pt Transport: pt wears surgical mask when leaving room
103
What are conditions that require Airborne precautions?
Mnemonic: MTV
Measles
TB
Varicella
(Also COVID-19)
104
Airborne Precautions
PPE:
Room:
Pt transport:
PPE: N-95 mask
Room: negative air flow w/ door closed
Pt transport: pt wears surgical mask
105
Name the device:
Central line tunneled under the skin. Used for providing antibiotics, nutritional solutions, blood samples
Hickman Catheter
106
Name the device:
Balloon flotation device that is inserted through the internal jugular vein or femoral vein into the pulmonary artery to monitor blood flow and the function of the heart
Swanz Ganz Catheter
107
Name the device:
Measures blood pressure directly from the right atrium and superior vena cava
Central venous pressure catheter
108
Name the device:
Used to monitor arterial blood gases
Arterial line
109
Name the device:
Used to remove air, blood, purulent matter from the patient’s chest or pleural cavity. Inserted via an incision in the chest and may be connected to a mechanical or gravity-based suction system
Chest drainage tubes
110
What do you do if a chest tube is dislodged?
Have the pt exhale, place gauze or a gloved hand over the area and call nursing staff
*concern = pneumothorax
111
Why should the arm with an IV line in not be held above the head?
Because air bubbles may get in and back flow may ocur
112
What do you do if an arterial line is dislodged?
Apply firm pressure and alert nursing immediately. May add compression via BP cuff above site
113
What should you avoid if someone has a femoral line in?
Avoid repetitive hip flexion and hip flexion > 45 degrees
114
Metabolic syndrome: S&S that are risk factors and are strongly linked to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke
3 or more must be present of Dx:
Waist circumference: > _____ inches for men or > _____ inches for women
Triglycerides: _________ mg/dL or higher
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL): < _____ mg/dL in men or < _____ mg/dL in women
Blood Pressure: systolic _______ mmHg and/or diastolic BP ______ mmHg
Fasting Plasma Glucose > ______ mg/dL
Waist circumference: > 40 inches for men or > 35 inches for women
Triglycerides: 150 mg/dL or higher
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL): < 40 mg/dL in men or < 50 mg/dL in women
Blood Pressure: systolic 130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP 85 mmHg
Fasting Plasma Glucose > 100 mg/dL
115
Cushing’s Disease
Mnemonic: Mr. Cushing’s has more cushion. He is a big white chubby guy who likes drinking beer.
HYPERadrenalism (elevated cortisol & aldosterone)
Increased BP, water retention
HYPOkalemia (d/t elevated aldosterone)
Increased glucose
Ruddy appearance, striae on skin
Weight gain / centripetal obesity / round moon face
Proximal muscle weakness & atrophy
Increased susceptibility to infection, osteoporosis (buffalo hump), poor wound healing
116
Addison’s Disease
Mnemonic: Old thin brown lady walking w/ a stick named Mrs. Addison
HYPOadrenalism/Adrenal insufficiency (decreased cortisol and aldosterone)
Decreased BP / dehydration
HYPERkalemia
Decreased glucose
Bronze pigmented skin — increased melanocyte hormone (MSH)
Weight loss / anorexia / GI disturbances
Generalized weakness (asthenia)
Intolerance to cold and stress, anxiety and depression
117
What is the difference between Cushing’s Disease and Cushing’s Syndrome?
Cushing’s Disease = PITUITARY adenoma —> more ATCH secreted by the pituitary gland —> stimulates adrenal gland —> more cortisol is released
Cushing’s Syndrome = ADRENAL GLAND tumor —> adrenal gland secretes more cortisol —> drug toxicity
118
Grave’s Disease
Mnemonic: your hype man
HYPERthyroidism
Increased T3 and T4, low TSH
Increased HR, decreased BP
High BMR
Heat intolerance
Increased glucose absorption
Restless, insomnia
Diarrhea
Silky hair, moist palm
Weight loss and increased appetite
Increased perspiration
Hyperreflexia
Exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
119
Hashimoto’s Diseaese
Mnemonic: lazy person laying on the couch all day under the comforter
HYPOthryoidism (autoimmune)
Decreased T3 and T4, high TSH
Decreased HR, increased BP
Low BMR
Cold intolerance
Decreased glucose absorption in tissues (high blood glucose)
Sleepiness, tiredness, proximal muscle weakness
Constipation
Brittle nails, dry skin and hair
Weight gain and decreased appetite
Decreased perspiration
Prolonged / Delayed DTR
Myxedema (puffiness, swelling of hands/feet)
120
Hyperparathyroidism
Elevated Calcium & Decreased serum phosphate = demineralization bone
Bones: osteopenia
Stones: kidney
Groans: GI disturbance
Moans: fatigue, weakness
Sensory: glove & stocking
121
Hypoparathyroidism
Low calcium & high phosphorus
Mnemonic: CATS are Numb
Convulsions
cardiac Arrhythmias
muscle Twitching / Tetany
muscle Spasms
Numbness/paresthesia of fingertips and mouth
122
Hyperglycemia
Glucose level:
Early signs: weakness, dry mouth, frequent & scant urination, deep and rapid respirations (Kusmaul’s breathing), dull senses, confusion, diminished reflexes, excessive thirst
Late signs: fruity odor (acetone breath), hyperglycemic coma
Mnemonic:
Cause:
Glucose level: > 300 mg/dl
Early signs: weakness, dry mouth, frequent & scant urination, deep and rapid respirations (Kusmaul’s breathing), dull senses, confusion, diminished reflexes, excessive thirst
Late signs: fruity odor (acetone breath), hyperglycemic coma
Mnemonic: if the pt is hot & dry, they are on a sugar high
Cause: forgetting to take insulin
123
Hypoglycemia
Glucose level:
Early signs: pallor, sweating, shakiness, poor coordination and unsteady gait, tachycardia & palpation, dizziness, fainting, excessive hunger
Late signs: slurred speech, drowsiness, confusion, loss of consciousness, & coma
Mnemonic:
Cause:
Glucose level: < 70 mg/dl
Early signs: pallor, sweating, shakiness, poor coordination and unsteady gait, tachycardia & palpation, dizziness, fainting, excessive hunger
Late signs: slurred speech, drowsiness, confusion, loss of consciousness, & coma
Mnemonic: if the patient is cold & clammy, give them a candy
Cause: took too much insulin
124
Mid-Back/Scapula Pain referral
E____________
G___________
S___________
P____________
K___________
Esophagus
Gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Kidneys (T10 - T12)
125
Left Shoulder Pain Referral
H________
D__________
S_________
_________ of pancreas
___ kidney
Heart
Diaphragm
Spleen
Tail of pancreas
L kidney
126
Right Shoulder Pain Referral
G__________
L_________
________ of pancreas
_____ kidney
Gallbladder
Liver
Head of pancreas
R kidney
127
Pelvis/Low Back/Sacrum Pain Referral
C_________
A____________
___________ viscera
Colon
Appendix
Pelvic viscera
128
Name the diagnosis:
Pain referred in C8-T2 nerve distribution
Mimics TOS
Pain on top of ipsilateral shoulder
Pancoast tumor (on apex of lung)
129
Typical Pain Pattern for RUQ
Mnemonic: “Good luck Hot Pack”
Gallbladder
Head of pancreas
Peptic ulcers
130
Typical Pain Patterns for RLQ
Mnemonic: A.C.
Appendix
Crohn’s disease
131
Typical Pain Patterns for LLQ
Mnemonic: D.U.I.
Diverticulitis
Ulcerative colitis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
132
Typical Pain Patterns for LUQ
Mnemonic: Don’t Banana Split
Diaphragm
Body & tail of pancreas
Spleen
133
Name the Disease:
Only large intestine & rectum affected
Continuous lesions
Symptoms: rectal pain, bleeding, bloody diarrhea w/ mucus/pus, fecal urgency, weight loss, LBP
Ulcerative colitis (type of inflammatory bowel disease)
134
Name the disease:
Occurs anywhere in GI tract
Skip lesions
Symptoms: pain relieved by passing gas, abdominal pain, weight loss, joint arthritis
Crohn’s Disease (type of inflammatory bowel disease)
135
What are the 3 main characteristics of reactive arthritis?
1. Can’t see (conjunctivitis)
2. Can’t pee (urethritis)
3. Can’t climb a tree (OA knee)
136
Name the diagnosis:
Spastic, nervous, or irritable colon
Causes: emotional stress, anxiety, high fat, lactose foods
Symptoms: pain relieved by defection, sharp cramps in morning or after eating, nausea/vomiting/bloating/foul breathing/diarrhea, symptoms disappear while sleeping, ribbon like stools
Tx: stress reduction, dietary modification, exercise
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
137
Name the Peripheral Vestibular Disorder:
Sudden onset of vertigo, nausea, vomiting
Positive head-impulse test
Duration: days to weeks
Hearing loss, tinnitus
Labyrinthitis (inflammation of labyrinth [semicircular canals & otolith organs])
138
Name the Peripheral Vestibular Disorder
Sudden onset of vertigo/nausea/vomiting
Positive head-impulse test
Duration: days to weeks
Vestibular neuritis (inflammation of nerve)
139
Name the Peripheral Vestibular Disorder
Overproduction of fluid within the inner ear > increase in pressure > vertigo
Vertigo
Hearing loss
Tinnitus
Aural fullness
Duration: minutes to hours
Tx: decrease sodium in body to decrease fluid
Ménière’s disease
140
Name the Peripheral Vestibular Disorder
Slow-growing tumor that develops from he balance and hearing nerves supplying the inner ear (gradual onset of symptoms)
Hearing loss
Tinnitus
Loss of balance
Vertigo
Facial numbness and weakness or loss of muscle movement
Positive head thrust test
Potential for Facial nerve involvement
Acoustic neuroma / Vestibular Schwannoma
141
What’s the difference between Conus Medullaris Syndrome and Cauda Equina Syndrome?
Conus Medullaris Syndrome: bilateral and symmetrical in perineum & thighs, UMN + LMN injury
Cauda Equina Syndrome: unilateral and asymmetrical in perineum, thighs, leg, back, LMN
142
Describe Each category in the ASIA Impairment Scale
ASIA A = Complete; no motor or sensory function at S4-S5
ASIA B = sensory incomplete; sensory, but no motor function present below NLI and S4-S5
ASIA C = motor incomplete; < 1/2 of key muscle functions below the single NLI have a muscle grade of >/= 3
ASIA D = Incomplete; at least 1/2 (half or more) of key muscle functions below the single NLI having a muscle grade of > /= 3
ASIA E = normal; motor and sensory function is normal
143
Postural drainage positions:
For superior segments of lower lobes
Prone lying on a bed w/ two pillows under pelvis
144
Key Positions for Postural Drainage:
Posterior apical segments of upper lobes
Sitting on a chair, leaning forward over a folded pillow
145
Key Positions for Postural Drainage:
Anterior segments of upper lobes
Supine lying on a bed w/ pillows under knees
146
Key Position for Postural Drainage:
Anterior apical segments of the upper lobes
Sitting in a recliner, leaning slightly backwards
147
SCI:
Assistance levels for the following:
C1 - C4:
C5 - C6:
C7 - S2:
C1 - C4: Dependent
C5 - C6: Modified Independent
C7 - S2: Independent
148
Glossopharyngeal breathing is used for what level SCI?
C3-C4
149
At what level SCI can a slideboard transfer be performed?
C5 - w/ assistance
C6 - indep on level surfaces w/ slideboard
C7 - independent lateral transfer w/o slideboard
150
What is the highest level SCI that uses a manual w/c?
C6
151
What is the mnemonic to remember the Ranchos Cognitive Levels?
“R.C.A. 332”
Levels I, II, & III: key word “response” (no, generalized, localized)
Levels IV, V, & VI: key word “confused” (agitated, inappropriate, appropriate)
Levels VII & VIII: key word “appropriate” (automatic, purposeful)
152
Name the test:
- compares the difference between 2 independent groups (ex. 20 athletes and 20 older people)
T-test
153
Name the test:
- compares difference between 2 matched groups (ex. 1 group of people pre/post test)
Paired T-test
154
What makes a T-test 1 tailed vs. 2 tailed?
1 tailed = directional hypothesis (believe either a positive or negative outcome)
2 tailed = non-directional hypothesis (just seeing what happens)
155
Name the test:
- Parametric test used for > 2 groups
ANOVA
156
What is the difference between the following ANOVA’s?
One-way ANOVA:
Two-way ANOVA:
Repeated measures ANOVA:
One-way ANOVA: 3 or more independent groups compared on 1 intervention (Ex. 30 healthy, 30 obese, 30 stroke all receiving a pain intervention)
Two-way ANOVA: 3 or more independent groups compared on 2 interventions (Ex. Effects of both gender and exercise type (strength [intervention1] on aerobic [intervention 2] on cardiovascular fitness)
Repeated measures ANOVA: individuals measured over time (ex. Effects of 3 different diets on weight loss measured at baseline, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks)
157
What does an ANCOVA do?
Compare 2 or more groups while controlling the effects of variables (covariates) such as height
158
What test is used to compare 2 groups of unequal sample size?
Chi square test
159
What test is used when you have continuous/ordinal data for a null hypothesis w/ 2 independent samples from the same population?
Mann Whitney U
160
What test is similar to the ANOVA, but is the non-parametric version comparing 3 or more groups?
Kruskal Wallis Test
161
Name the pulmonary condition:
- airways narrow and swell
- may produce extra mucus
- trigger coughing, whistling/wheezing, SOB
- acute condition
Asthma (Obstructive)
162
Name the pulmonary condition:
- inflammation (swelling) and irritation of the bronchial tubes
- mucus build up
- Dx: cough for 3 months for 2 consecutive years
Chronic bronchitis (obstructive)
163
Name the Pulmonary Condition:
- abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles
- destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis
- reduced gas exchange
- progressive air trapping
Emphysema (obstructive)
164
Name the Pulmonary Condition:
- infection in one or both lungs
- Cause: bacteria, viruses, fungi
- inflammation in air sacs of lungs (alveoli)
- alveoli fill w/ fluid or pus (water in lungs)
Pneumonia (restrictive)
165
Name the Pulmonary Condition:
- water on the lungs
- excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs
Pleural effusion
166
Name the Pulmonary Conditions:
- collapsed lung
- Air still present, but leaks into space between lung and chest wall
Pneumothorax
167
Name the Pulmonary Condition:
- complete or partial collapse of entire lung or area
- alveoli within the lung become deflated or filled with/ alveolar fluid
- deflates, no air left
Atelctasis
168
How do you assess fremitus?
Ask the pt to say “99” or “blue moon.” While the pt is speaking, palpate the chest from one side to the other.
169
Increased fremitus / vibration:
Decreased fremitus / vibration:
Increased fremitus / vibration: consolidation (fluid) or restrictive condition
- EX. Pneumonia
Decreased fremitus / vibration: air or obstructive condition
- EX. Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema
Absent fremitus in atelectasis b/c no air
170
How do you assess percussion?
Examiner taps on pt’s chest wall w/ 3rd metacarpal.
171
Increased percussion (hyperresonant):
Decreased percussion (flat/dull):
Increased percussion (hyperresonant): more air is present
- Ex. Pneumothorax, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis
Decreased percussion (flat/dull): fluid (consolidation) present
- Ex. Pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelectasis
172
Increased percussion (hyperresonant):
Decreased percussion (flat/dull):
Increased percussion (hyperresonant): more air is present
- Ex. Pneumothorax, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis
Decreased percussion (flat/dull): fluid (consolidation) present
- Ex. Pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelectasis
173
TMJ DDX - Name the condition:
Decreased mouth opening with deviation to SAME side
Hypomobility
174
TMJ DDX - Name the condition:
Increased mouth opening and deviation to OPPOSITE side
Hypermobiltiy
175
TMJ DDX - Name the condition:
CLICKING heard. NO DEVIATION, no difficulty w/ mouth opening
Disc displacement w/ reduction
176
TMJ DDX - Name the condition:
PAIN and limited mouth opening, NO DEVIAITON
Synovitis
177
TMJ DDX - Name the condition:
PAIN, limited mouth opening, and DEVIATION TO SAME SIDE
Capsulitis
178
What is the Scottish Rite Brace used for?
Legg-Calve-Perthes
179
What are the Pavlov harness or Frejka pillow used for?
Congenital hip dysplasia
180
What is the MOI for ACL tear?
Hyperextension + valgus force + planted foot
181
What is the MOI for PCL tear?
Hyperflexion / dashboard injury
182
Name the knee injury:
- Popping, locking, catching sensation during movement
- joint line tenderness
- swelling
- pain w/ knee hyperextension & full flexion
Meniscus injury
183
Name the knee injury:
- peripatellar pain
- lateral patellar tracking
- pain w/ squatting
- prolonged sitting (movie theatre sign)
- common in young females
Patellofemoral pain syndrome
184
Name the knee injury:
- pain at tibial tuberosity
- enlarged tibial tubercle
- excessive activity n adolescents
- poor flexibility
Osgood Schlatter syndrome
185
Define each term
Spondlylosis:
Spondlylolysis:
Spondylolisthesis:
Retrolisthesis:
Spondlylosis: degeneration of intervertebral disc
Spondlylolysis: defect in pars interacrticularis or the arch of the vertebra
Spondylolisthesis: forward displacement of one vertebra over another
Retrolisthesis: backward displacement of one vertebra on another
186
Name the systemic disease:
- unknown cause
- GRANULOMATOUS inflammation in modular form
- Symptoms: SOB, cough, fever, malaise, weight loss, skin lesions, erythema nodosum, dry cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, pneumothorax
Sarcoidosis
187
Name the Systemic Condition:
- morning stiffness lasting at least an hour
- bilateral joint involvement
- Bouchard nodes ( on PIP)
- increased ESR, increased C-reactive protein
- capsular & ligamentous laxity
Rheumatoid arthritis
188
Name the Systemic Disease:
- hereditary connective tissue disorder
- cutaneous manifestations
- MSK: dislocations/ subluxations (Brighton score of 4 or more), OP, OA, scoliosis, kyphosis
- Neuro: low tone
- Cardiopulmonary: abnormal BP responses
- Hematologic: easy bruising
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
189
Name the type of arthritis:
- 30-50 years old
- autoimmune
- starts asymmetric then progresses to symmetric
- DIP and PIP joints affected
- scaly, itchy, dry, patches
- nail changes
- Tx: corticosteroids, symptom based approach
Psoriatic arthritis
190
Name the type of arthritis:
- cause: bacterial infection
- population: kids < 3 & adults > 65 (aka immunocompromised)
- asymmetrical
- S&S: fever, hot, red, swollen, effusion, hip pain w/ wbing, increased WBC & ESR
- Tx: 911 to drain, antibiotics
Septic arthritis
191
Name the type of arthritis:
- 25 - 45 y.o.
- Cause: bacterial infection post GI infection
- Asymmetrical
- S&S: urethritis, conjunctivitis, OA of knees
- Tx: antibiotics, asymptomatic approach
Reactive arthritis (aka Reiter’s syndrome)
192
What is the difference between a nerve conduction velocity (NCV) test and an electromyography (EMG)?
NCV: evaluates speed and amplitude of electrical stimulation. Detects problem with nerve.
EMG: records electrical activity of muscles at rest and while contracting. Assist with/ diagnosing nerve or muscle pathology.
193
Normal platelet value
150,000 - 450,000
194
Above what platelet value is the following allowed:
Therapeutic exercise/bike with or without resistance
> 20,000
195
At what platelet values must therapy be placed on hold?
< 10,000 and/or Temp 100.5
196
At what platelet value is the following indicated?
ROM, ADLs, walking or bike without resistance
10,000 - 20,000
197
What is the normal WBC value?
4,800 - 10,800
198
WBC rehab indications
> 5000 =
< 5000 =
> 5000 = light exercise w/ progression to resistive exercise
< 5000 = no exercise, protective mask required
199
What is the normal hemoglobin level for men and for women?
Men: 13 -18
Women: 12 -16
200
List the appropriate hemoglobin value for each of the following:
1) resistance and aerobic exercise, ambulation, and self care as tolerated
2) ADLs, assistance as needed for safety, light aerobic exercise, light weights (1-2lbs)
3) ADLs
1) > 10
2) 8 - 10
3) < 8
201
What is normal hematocrit for men and for women?
Men: 42 - 52%
Women: 37- 47%
202
What are the hematocrit values for each of the following:
1) resistance and aerobic exercise, ambulation and self-care as tolerated
2) ADLs, assistance as needed for safety, light aerobic exercise, light weights (1-2lbs)
3) ADLs, assistance as needed for safety
1) > 35%
2) 25 - 35%
3) < 25%
203
What 2 drug classes are both antiarrhythmics and antihypertensives?
1) Beta blockers “-olol”
2) Calcium channel blockers “Pines and Zems”
*act on HR and BP
204
What 3 drug classes are only antihypertensives (act on BP)?
1) Diuretics - loop diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics, thiazides
2) ACE inhibitors “-prils”
3) ARBs “-sartans”
205
What 3 drug classes are only antihypertensives (act on BP)?
1) Diuretics - loop diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics, thiazides
2) ACE inhibitors “-prils”
3) ARBs “-sartans”
