NREMT Quizes I Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What are the layers of the heart (from outside to inside)
A
- Epicardium (surrounded by pericardium)
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
2
Q
What is the cardiac sulcus
A
Groove in heart separates atrium from ventricles
3
Q
Where does all venous blood empty into before it dumps back into the R atrium?
A
The coronary sinus
4
Q
Parasympathetic NS controls heart via the…
A
Vagus nerve
5
Q
What does estrogen do?
A
Sex development
6
Q
What are papillary muscles? Where are they and what do they do?
A
Located in heart, attach to chordae tendineae, which attach to the AV valves.
They contract during ventricular systole = prevent AV valves from back flowing into the atria
7
Q
Ectopic pregnancies present with lower belly pain & referred pn to what area?
A
Trapezoids
8
Q
Alveoli can resist collapse DT presence of what substance?
A
Surfactant
9
Q
What is parenchyma?
A
The functional parts of a gland or solid organ
10
Q
The narrowest part of laryngeal airway in kids is the….
A
Cricoid cartilage
11
Q
PEA is a rhythm? True or false
A
False. It is a condition
12
Q
What pea-shaped gland regulates calcium by releasing hormones to increase Ca++ blood levels?
A
Parathyroid gland
13
Q
What anatomical feature marks the beginning of the hypopharynx?
A
The hyoid bone
14
Q
What is the hypopharynx?
A
Aka larngopharnx = lowest part of pharynx
15
Q
What is Murphy’s eye. What does it do?
A
Murphy’s eye = side hole at end of ET tube.
Enables airflow even if end of tube occluded
16
Q
What’s kehr’s sign
A
Ab pn w/ referred pn to L shoulder = spleen rupture
17
Q
Parietal vs visceral pericardium?
A
Parietal = outside, touches chest wall
Visceral = inside, touches heart (epicardium)
18
Q
What’s a colles fracture
A
Fracture of forearm and wrist
19
Q
What is it called when the odontoid process is fractured?
A
Hangman’s fracture.
Odontoid process (aka dens) = connects C1 & C2.
20
Q
Atlas vs axis?
A
Atlas = C1
Axis = C2
think: you swivel on an axis
21
Q
Pt complains cramping pn in calves when walking, but relieved w/ rest. What’s this called?
A
Claudication (DT ischemia from clot)
22
Q
12 YOF CC flu SS x4-5days. Pt given ASA for her fever. Now in comatose. What happened?
A
Reye’s syndrome = brain swelling from giving ASA to pediatrics
23
Q
Following a blunt force to the head, pt now reports seeing a curtain coming down over his vision. What’s wrong?
A
Retinal detachment
24
Q
Pt reports having sudden painless loss of vision in one eye. What’s wrong
A
Central retinal artery occlusion
25
What does the hyoid bone do?
Anchors the tongue
26
Which resp disease causes distortion in alveolar surface area and decreases alveolar/capillary interface?
Emphysema
27
The terminal end & functional units of the lower airway are the…
Alveolar sacs
28
What do Alpha 1 sympathetic receptors do?
Vasoconstriction
29
What do Alpha 2 sympathetic receptors do?
Glucagon secretion, insulin/norepi INHIBITION
30
What do beta 1 sympathetic receptors do?
Heart receptors: HR, contractility, conduction
Renin
* think Beta 1 (one heart), Beta 2 ( two lungs*
31
What do beta 2 sympathetic receptors do?
Bronchus/bronchiole relaxation
Insulin
Uterine relaxation
* think Beta 1 (one heart), Beta 2 ( two lungs*
32
What do beta 3 sympathetic receptors do?
Shivering, goosebumps, heat conservation
33
Chronotropic vs inotropic vs dromotropic effects on the heart
Chronotropic = more HR
Inotropic = more contractility
Dromotropic = more conduction
34
Finish the sentence: the AV valves open to allow ventricular filling when the intra-atrial pressure…
Exceeds the intraventricular pressure
35
What does ACE stand for? What are they?
ACE= angiotensin-converting enzyme
Changes angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs = peripheral artery constriction
36
What is propranolol?
Propranolol (inderal) = sympathetic beta blocker
Slows HR
37
Briefly explain brown sequard syndrome
Penetrating trauma or ischemia = hemisection of spinal cord = ipsilateral & contralateral neuro deficits below injury site
38
What are the neuro deficits involved with a brown-sequard injury?
Ipsilateral motor loss below injury
Contralateral pn sensation/temp sensation loss below injury
39
Bruit vs thrill
Both = narrowed artery from turbulent blood flow
You HEAR a bruit, FEEL a thrill
40
What’s a transmural infarct
MI involves full thickness of myocardium
41
What’s the main role of Epi in a cardiac arrest
To increase SVR (BP) & improve perfusion.
42
Football player struck on top of head. Became paralyzed below neck for several days before regaining normal motor sensory function. What happened?
Spinal shock (temporary paralysis following a spinal cord injury)
43
King coral diamond rattle snake. Which is the least harmful?
King snake = non venomous
44
Which type of snakes have neurotoxins in their venom?
Coral snakes
45
Pit viper vs coral snake venom
Pit viper = necrosis
Coral snake = neurotoxin SS
46
What snakes are part of the “Crotalinae” family
Pit viper
47
What type of snakes are in the “Elapidae” family
Coral snakes
48
What the different types of pit vipers?
Rattle, cottonmouths, diamondbacks
49
Besides neurotoxin effects, what is the other main danger of snake bites?
Infection
50
You have a CHF pt w/ pink frothy sputum. What is the frothiness caused by?
Plasma washes surfactant from alveoli
51
Which type of cholesterol is the bad kind? LDL or HDL
LDL
52
Which system doesn’t have ANY organs in the thorax?
The renal system
53
Which bone is located on the medial aspect of the forearm
Ulna
54
Hemothorax vs Pneumothorax SS
Both can have absent breath sounds.
But hemothorax = flat jugular veins w/ dull/hyporesonance
55
What effect does dopamine have at only 2 uq/kg/min?
Increase in vasoconstriction
56
We know epidermis = superficial skin layer.
But what structures found in dermis?
Nerve endings, Blood vessels, Sweat glands, hair follicles, Sebaceous glands
57
What are the functions of the skin?
```
Temp regulation
Immunity/protection
Sensation
Blood reservoir
Vitamin D synthesis
```
58
Burn shock = protein & fluids leave damaged blood vessels into surrounding tissue = ?
Reduced intravascular oncotic pressure
59
Pt burned after gas ignited= circumferential 2nd & 3rd degree burns to both arms, hands, face, chest and abdomen. What BSA?
40.5%
60
Adult has burns to anterior thorax & all R leg. What BSA?
27% (thorax = chest)
61
How do we recover fluids from interstitial space during microcirculation?
Circulating albumins (from liver) attracts Na back into the vessels = followed by fluids
62
Where in our bodies is the Torr pressure of Co2 the highest?
The venules
63
If pt has severe diarrhea x3 days, what will their pH be?
Below 7.35 (metabolic acidosis)
64
Explain rouleaux. Why is it a big deal
When RBCs stack on one another DT clotting, infection, inflammation, diabetes….
Detrimental because prevents diffusion of O2 in capillaries (they can only accept singular flowing RBCs
65
A person w/ a circumferential extremity burn is at risk for developing what other emergency later?
Compartment syndrome
66
What’s one way to stop premature uterine contractions during child birth?
Fluid bolus.
ADH & oxytocin (stimulates contractions) secreted together. Stop the ADH (by adding fluids) = stop the contractions
67
17 YOF hit in head w/ soft ball. Immediate LOC x5min, regains and CC severe headache N, dizziness. Enroute to hosp pt LOC again, now pn responsive w/ decorticate posturing. What’s wrong?
Epidural Hematoma
68
With decompression sickness, nitrogen bubbles out of the blood. What gas law is this?
Henry’s law
69
What is Henry’s law
Gas pressure in fluid directly related to same gas partial pressure above the fluid
70
What’s boyles law?
Volume gas inverse to pressure
71
What’s Dalton’s law?
All partial pressures totaled = 100%
72
When your heat control center loses function DT high temperatures. Body cant expel heat. What’s wrong?
Heat stroke
73
What is sensitization
When exposed to an allergen, the body forms antibodies
74
What do H1 vs H2 receptors do?
H1 = Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, more motility
H2 = gastric acid secretion, more mucus, vascular permeability
75
What’s acromegaly
Too much HGH from pituitary gland
76
What does the pineal gland do?
Secretes melatonin = sleep wake patterns
77
What are normal PaCO2 levels?
35-45 mmHG (like ETCO2)
78
What are normal PAO2 levels?
75-100mmHG
79
How does hyperventilation affect blood calcium’s levels
Hyperventilation = rise in blood pH = Calcium in blood ionize s = acute hypocalcemia = carpal spasms & numbness
80
What does Calcium do in the body?
Assists w/ electrical impulses & muscle contraction. Stabilizes the cell membrane during depolarization
81
HYPOcalcemia SS
Increased neuro/cardiac excitation: cramps, spasms, seizures, dysrhythmias (long QT)
82
HYPERcalcemia SS
Weak, nausea, constipation, polyuria
83
Pineal gland is directly connected to which nerve?
Cranial nerve II (optic nerve)
84
What’s the circadian cycle and what is it controlled by?
Circadian cycle = sleep cycle, regulated by pineal gland through melatonin secretion
85
Where can you find cyanide? How does it affect the body?
Cyanide = cellular asphyxiant that prevents O2 perfusion
Found in pesticide, insecticide, flax seed, fires
86
What does cyanide smell like? How do you treat it?
SS = almond/burning smell
Rx = amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate
87
Adrenal medulla vs adrenal cortex hormones?
Medulla = middle (aldosterone, epi/norepi)
Cortex = covering (corticosteroids)
88
What is carboxyhemoglobin? What Rx?
When CO binds with hemoglobin during CO poisoning
Rx = High flow O2 & hyperbaric chamber
89
How does diabetes insipidus affect the endocrine system?
Not enough ADH from posterior pituitary gland, or bad kidneys
90
Pt has electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, polyuria, polydipsia, with no urine glucose. What’s wrong?
Diabetes insipidus
91
What is Paget’s disease?
Bone disorder w/ calcium issue
92
What is HCO3 and normal blood levels?
HCO3 = bicarbonate
Normal levels = 22-26 mEq/L
93
Where do T-cell lymphocytes mature?
The thymus
94
SS of epididymitis?
Male version of PID = infection SS w/ inflammation
95
What’s a classic tricyclic antidepressant name?
Amitriptyline
96
What group of meds are tricyclic antidepressants? What OD Rx
Sodium channel blocker
Rx = sodium bicarb
97
How can you tell if pt has tricyclic OD
Metabolic acidosis SS (hypo, flushed, dysrhythmia, CNS depression)
Dominant R wave in aVR & long QT
98
Pt has persistent cough >3wks, night sweats, hemoptysis, low income SNF area. What’s wrong?
TB
99
TB transmission & infection rate?
Airborne, not super contagious . use surgical mask
100
Varicella zoster (chickenpox) transmission & infection rate?
Super contagious, airborne
101
Measles (rubeola) transmission & infection rate?
Super contagious, airborne
102
Rubella (German measles) vs rubeola (measles)
Rubella = droplet precaution
RubEOLa = airborne, way more contagious
103
What’s a fancy way to say fever/?
Hyperpyrexia
104
Explain “thermal gradient”
Your temp vs outside temp
105
Why are infants susceptible to hypothermia?
Less mass, more BSA
106
How do organophosphates work on the body?
Block acetylcholinesterase in synapse = constant impulse = paralysis
107
How does hydrofluoric acid affect the body? What Rx?
Leaches cations from cells (10% BSA = lethal)
Rx = cations (calcium gluconate) & submerge limb in nice cold water
108
What is Creutzfeldt Jakob disease?
Degenerative brain disorder DT protein malformation = spongiform encephalitis
Ex. Eating infected meat
109
What is Lou Gehrig disease
Aka amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Stephen hawking had this
110
What is stokes Adam’s syndrome?
Sudden transient LOC DT major decrease in CO. Found in older ppl = transit 3rd degree heart blocks
111
What is sick sinus syndrome
SA node malfunction = rapid change from tachy to brady
112
Grey turner vs Cullens sign
Grey turner = flank bruise
Cullen = belly button bruising
*think: turn to your FLANK*
113
What is biotransformation and where does it occur
Biotransformation = substances/meds turn into active or inactive metabolites
Occurs mostly in liver (some skin, kidney, GI, lungs)
114
With radiation list the types of rays from weakest to strongest
Alpha, beta, then gamma radiation
115
What protection for alpha radiation?
Easily stopped by skin
116
What protection against beta radiation
Clothing
117
What protection against gamma radiation
Several inches of lead or concrete
118
What is Cassions disease?
Aka decompression sickness, aka the bends
119
What happens to the body with both HAPE and HACE
Hypoxia = vasoconstriction = HTN = vessels leak (HAPE in lungs, HACE in brain)
120
Rx for hace
Dexamethasone (corticosteroid for anti-inflammatory)
121
What is osteogenesis imperfecta? What’s the significance
Born w/ weak bones. Possible reason for pedi Femur Rx, instead of child abuse
122
What is Otitis media? Why can it be serious?
Otitis media = inner ear infection in kids. Associated with brain abscess
123
Placenta abruptio vs previa. Which is painful/painless
Previa / painLESS
Abruptio = pain FULL
124
What is spondylosis
Degenerative vertebral disk disease occurs with age
125
What is it called by pt’s belly is flat/inwards? What does this indicate?
Scaphoid belly = diaphragmatic hernia
126
What is spina bifida?
Born w/ spinal cord outside body DT lack of follic acid during gestation
127
What are the stages of a seizure
- LOC
- Tonic phase (all rigid)
- Hypertonic phase (rigid + arched back)
- Clonic phase (twitching)
- post seizure phase (eyes moving)
- postictal phase
128
What is Ludwig’s angina?
Molar/tooth infection = abscess under jaw = airway compromise
129
When do the coronary veins empty?
When do the coronary arteries fill?
Veins empty during systole
Arteries fill during diastole
130
What does the hyoid bone do?
Anchors the tongue
131
What is phenol? How to remove it?
Phenol = tar junk from transformer
Requires alcohol to remove
132
Pt has an uncontrollable tick, smacking lip, beer face… what’s wrong? Why is this serious
Tardive dyskinesia from OD on phenothiazines (antipsychotics). Can progress to dystonia & torsades
133
What does digitalis do?
(Cardiac glycoside) Increases cardiac contractions & treats Afib, SVT. Has narrow therapeutic index = high toxicity risk
134
SS & Rx for digitalis/digoxin OD
SS = NV, lethal hyperkalemia
Rx = Calcium chloride
135
What are the stages of syphilis
Primary, secondary, latent, tertiary stages
136
Pt has painless sores/chancres on body on genitals… what stage of syphilis are they in?
Primary phase
137
Pt has a rash throughout body, & on palms of hands, soles of feet, w/ patchy hair loss, swollen lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, stiffness, and neuro ss. What stage of syphilis is this?
Secondary
138
Pt w/ syphilis previously broke out in a rash that went away. What stage of syphilis is this? How long does this last?
Latent (hidden) stage. Lasts 1 -20 years
139
Pt w/ syphilis has large sores in/outside body, heart and neuro complications. What stage is this?
Tertiary (late) stage
140
What are intercalated discs and what do they do?
They connect cardiomyocytes together and speed conduction signals
141
What is an Ostia?
Entrance to coronary arteries found in aorta
142
When does pre-eclampsia become eclampsia
When seizures begin
143
Besides tissue necrosis, what is a big risk associated with brown recluse spider bites
MRSA infection risk
144
What is the medical fancy name for croup?
Laryngotracheobronchitis
145
What separates bronchiolitis vs asthma?
Both = wheezing
Bronchiolitis = <1-2yrs DT RSV virus
Asthma = >1-2yrs
146
What is a major complication of a massive PE?
R sided heart failure
147
What is normal QT interval duration?
0.30-0.45s
148
Neurogenic shock SS
Hypotension w/ Bradycardia, hypothermia
149
In WPW, what classic ECG marking would you see?
Delta waves (ramp between p wave & QRS)
150
In hypothermia what ECG signs would you see
Long QT w/ Osborn/J waves (hump following QRS)
151
With hyperkalemia, what ECG signs would you see?
Tall peaked T waves w/ Long QT interval
152
With ICP what ECG signs would you see?
Deep, symmetric, inverted T waves (aka cerebral T waves)
153
What ECG changes would you see in a PE?
new RBBB, Rightward shift of QRS axis, ST elevation in V1 & aVR
154
What is Von Willebrand disease
No willebrand factor = platelets can’t sick = no clotting
155
What is Marfrans syndrome
Connective tissue issue in tall lanky people = aneurysm risk
156
What is bainbridge reflex
AKA atrial reflex, when HR increases DT rise in atrial pressure (during inspiration)
