NRS 414 biology Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 requirements for organisms to live?
A
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure
2
Q
What does food provide to the body?
A
Provides it with nutrients that we need for energy, growth, repair and regulation of chemical reactions
3
Q
What does oxygen do to the body?
A
releases energy from food
4
Q
What does heat do to the body?
A
result of metabolic reactions which controls reaction rate eg temperature
5
Q
What is pressure?
what are the different types?
A
Force applied to something
Atmospheric- needed for breathing
Hydrostatic- needed for blood to move through blood vessels
6
Q
What is anatomy?
A
Study of the structure of the body and its parts (names of the parts)
7
Q
What is physiology
A
Studies of the functions of these parts
(how do they work)
8
Q
What is the role of the cytoskeleton
A
supports organelles and cell shape
9
Q
What does the microtubule contain?
Where is it present?
A
tube of protein molecules
present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia and flagella
10
Q
what is the Intermediate filament?
A
intertwined protein fibers that provide support and strength
11
Q
what does the actin filament do?
A
Twisted protein fibres that are responsible for cell movement
12
Q
what are centrioles
A
microtubules that occurs in pairs
13
Q
What is the cytoplasm?
What does it contain?
A
semi-fluid matrix
contains the nucleus and other organelles
14
Q
What does the mitochondrion do?
A
generates chemical energy which powers the cells biochemical reactions
15
Q
what does the secretory vesicle do?
A
fuses with the plasma membrane and releases materials that secretes from the cell
16
Q
what does the lysosome do?
A
breaks down macro molecules any digests worn out cell components
17
Q
what does the golgi complex do?
A
collects packages and distributes molecules manufactured in the cell
18
Q
what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
A
aids in the manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids
19
Q
what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
A
internal membranes studded with ribosomes that carry out protein synthesis
20
Q
what does the Nucleus do?
A
command center of the cell
21
Q
what does the nucleous do?
A
produces ribosomes
22
Q
what is the nuclear envelope?
A
double membrane between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
23
Q
what does the nuclear pore do?
A
regulates passage into and out of the nucleus
24
Q
what do ribosomes do?
A
site of protein synthesis
25
what does the peroxisome do?
vesicle that contains enzymes that can detoxify harmful molecules
26
what is the plasma membrane?
lipid bilayer that proteins are embedded
27
What is an atom?
What level of organisation is it?
simplest level eg oxygen
1st
28
What is a molecule?
what level of organisation is it?
two/more atoms= molecule eg water
2nd
29
what are macromolecules?
what level of organisation is it?
large biologically important molecules inside cells eg proteins
3rd
30
What is an organelle?
what level of organisation is it?
aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out specific functions of the cell
4th
31
what is a cell?
what level of organisation is it?
basic units of structure and functions living things
5th
32
what are tissues?
what level of organisation is it?
groups of cells which functions together
6th
33
what are organs?
what level of organisation is it?
groups of tissues that form together and have specialised functions
7th
34
what are organ systems?
what level of organisation is it?
groups of organs that are formed together
8th
35
what is an organism ?
what level of organisation is it?
organ systems that function together
9th
36
What are some ageing effects?
Age related deterioration in metabolism
longer to return to normal homeostatic equilibrium point
impact of disease rises
disease becomes more severe and prolonged
37
what does superior mean?
above another part
38
what does inferior mean?
below another part
39
what does anterior (ventral)
toward the front
40
what does posterior (dorsal) mean?
towards the back
41
what does median mean?
closer to the midline
42
what does lateral mean?
towards the side
43
what does bi lateral mean?
paired structures with one on each side
44
what does ipsilateral mean?
structures on the same side
45
what does contralateral mean?
structures on the opposite sides
46
what does proximal mean?
closer to the point of attachment or another referenced body part
47
what does distal mean?
further from the point of attachment of another referenced body part
48
what does superficial mean?
near the surface; peripheral- outward or near the surface
49
what does deep mean?
more internal
50
what does anatomical position mean?
body erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides with palm forward
51
what does terms of relative position mean?
Describe the location of one body part respect to another
52
what does sagittal section mean?
divided the body into right and left portions
53
what does median or midsagittal section mean?
if it passes along the midline and divides that body into equal parts
54
what does parasagittal section mean?
a section lateral to the midline
55
what does transverse section mean?
horizontal section divides the body into superior and inferior portions
56
what does a frontal section mean?
coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
57
What does metabolism mean?
the sum of the body’s billion of chemical reactions and composed of anabolism and catabolism
58
what is anabolism?
reactions that build things eg proteins and other biological molecules and need energy to proceed
59
what is catabolism?
reactions that break things down eg digestive enzymes and produce energy
60
what is a negative feedback mechanism?
responses move in the opposite direction from the change
reduces the amount of change from the set point
includes most control mechanisms in the body
61
what order does negative feedback happen in low temps?
stimulus- temp goes abelow set point
receptors- thermoreceptor detects change sends signal to control centre
control centre- detects changes to set point signals effectors
effector- skin blood vessels in skin constricts blood flow decreases sweat glands are inactive
effector muscles body heat generated and will contract involuntary
Response- body heat is conserved and returns to set point
62
what order does negative feedback happen in high temps?
stimulus- temp goes above set point
receptors- thermoreceptor detects change sends signal to control centre
control centre- detects changes to set point signals effectors
effector- blood vessels in skin dilate blood flow increases sweat glands secrete sweat
Response- body heat is lost to surrounding environment temp returns to set temp
63
what are positive feedback mechanisms?
what are some examples
Response moves further from the set point
change from set point gets larger
produces unstable conditions in the body
eg blood clotting breastfeeding and uttering contractions
64
what are the different types of tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
65
what are some protective functions of integumentary system?
Protection- cushion insulates and waterproof
protection from chemicals, heat cold bacteria
protective secretions
66
what other functions does the intergumentary system have?
synthesises vitamin D
regulates body temperature
prevents unnecessary water loss
sensory reception (nerve endings)
excretion small amount of wastes
67
What is connective tissue?
most abundant tissue
2 types
connective tissue (loose)
connective tissue (dense)
cartilage
bone
liquid connective tissue
68
What are the different types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
69
what is diffusion?
Membrane permeable to both water and a solute
70
what is passive diffusion
when no energy is required and molecule moves with a concentration gradient eg exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
71
What is filtration?
when smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes from region of high to low pressure
72
what is passive filtration?
no energy required hydrostatic pressure
force comes from blood pressure and vessel lumen size difference
73
what is facilitated diffusion
Substances that can’t pass through the lipid bilayer
ions move through using channels
molecules move by using carrier proteins
from high to low concentration
74
what is active transport?
Carrier molecules transport molecules or ions through membranes from low to high concentration
carrier molecules have binding sites to transport particles
75
what is osmosis?
water molecules that move through semi permeable membrane to the more concentrated solution
higher the concentration the higher the osmotic pressure
76
what does Heterozygous mean?
2 different alleles for a trait eg Aa
77
What does Homozygous mean?
two identical alleles for a trait eg AA or aa
78
what are osteoclasts
removes a portion of the bone to be replaced which signals bone formation
79
what are osteoblasts?
lays down collagen and mineral deposits which maintains bone density and strength
80
What are hinge joints?
Allows flexing and extending along one plane eg elbows knees
81
What are ball and socket joints?
Allows twisting movement eg Tarsal bones
82
what are saddle joints?
allows angular movements greater range of motion than condyloid joints eg trapezium carpal Thumb joint
83
What are Condyloid joints?
allows angular movements along two axes eg joints of wrists and fingers
84
What are pivot joints?
allows rotational movement eg between C1 and C2 Verterbral
85
what is the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
CNS, autonomic nervous system sympathetic (arousing), parasympathetic (calming)
86
what is the peripheral nervous system?
peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, sensory (afferent) nervous system (sensory output)
motor (efferent) nervous system ( motor output)
87
whats the Blood clotting process?
Thromboplastin released by damaged tissue cells enters the blood extrinsic pathway
platelets adhere to damaged blood vessel lining Intrinsic pathway
Prothrombin activator
prothrombin goes to thrombin then fibrinogen to loose fibrin threads and then a stabilised fibrin clot
88
What blood group is A compatible with?
for donor compatibile with A and AB
for recipient compatible with A and O
89
What is blood group B compatible with?
as a donor B and AB
as a recipient B and O
90
What blood group is AB compatible with?
compatible with AB ONLY
recipient UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
91
What blood group is O compatible with?
as a donor compatible with all groups UNIVERSAL DONOR
as a recipient compatible with O ONLY
92
what is the rhesus factor
85% of the population are rhesus positive (Rh+) so they don’t make rhesus antibodies
15% have no rhesus antigen Rhesus negative (Rh-) so can be capable of making rhesus antibodies
but is only stimulated to do so in certain circumstances eg pregnancy or blood transfusion
93
What is Non- specific immunity (innate)
Specialist non-specific cells which migrate to sites of inflammation and infection
phagocytic cells eg Macrophages, Neutrophils and Eosinophils
94
What is specific immunity?
Specific to each type of invader or particle
allows us to develop a resistance to specific microorganisms
2 components
Cell mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
95
What is adaptive immunity?
can be passive or active
Active- Stimulation of adaptive immune response
natural- becoming infected
vaccine induced
passive- Acquire immunoglobulins directly through injection or through the placenta or breastfeeding
96
What is cell mediated immunity?
Production of specific T lymphocytes in the thymus which attach to non self materials to destroy them
effective against antigens of fungi, bacteria viruses parasites and tumour cells
97
What are B cells and Humoral immunity?
B cells carry surface antibodies that recognise specific antigens
cells enlarge to make plasma cells and make highly specific antibodies and those are secreted into blood and lymph
Each cells produces hundreds of antibody molecules per second some remain as memory cells
98
What is autoimmunity?
Attack of self antigens by immune system
Autoantibodies and cytotoxic t cells produced
Diabetes- attack of islet cells
Thyroiditis- attack of thyroid cells
Rheumatoid arthritis- attack of synovial joints
99
What does the urinary system do?
maintains water bladder and includes the kidney and bladder
100
what does the kidneys do?
maintains water balance in the body and controlling blood pressure
101
What is the function unit of the kidney?
The nephron
102
what is the formation of urine three main processes?
Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
103
What are normal constituents of urine
Water
Urea
Drugs
Alcohol
104
What are abnormal constituents of urine?
Glucose
Blood
Protein
leucocytes
nitrates
105
what’s the formation of urine (Filtration)
in the glomerulus and glomerular capsule
water and small molecules passes through the diameter of afferent and efferent arteriole due to pressure difference
Larger molecules blood cells and plasma proteins remain in the capillaries
