NS essay Flashcards
(25 cards)
What does NPS stand for and what are they?
NPS stands for Non-cognitive behavioural and psychological disturbances common in dementia.
Give some examples of NPS listed in the sources.
Examples include Delusions, hallucinations, apathy, depression, agitation, disinhibition, irritability, sleep disturbances, and eating changes.
Which assessment tool is mentioned for evaluating NPS domains?
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) evaluates 12 NPS domains.
What is the overall prevalence of NPS in DLB?
The overall prevalence of NPS in DLB is very high (89.4%).
Are hallucinations common early in AD or DLB?
Hallucinations are rare early in AD but an early hallmark in DLB.
What types of visual hallucinations are common in DLB?
Visual hallucinations common in DLB include people and animals.
What is the prevalence range for delusions in AD, and what are common types?
Delusions occur in 20–70% in AD, mostly of the paranoid types, and capgras syndromes are also seen in AD
Is apathy an early feature in AD or DLB?
Apathy is an early feature in both AD and DLB; it is detectable even at the MCI stage.
When is agitation frequent in AD?
Agitation is frequent in later AD and occurs in 46% in mild AD.
Is depression common in AD and DLB, and what is it linked to?
Depression is common in both AD and DLB and is linked to disease awareness.
What neurobiological features are associated with hallucinations in DLB?
Hallucinations in DLB are associated with lewy bodies + occipital cortex hypoperfusion/thinning.
What neurobiological features are associated with hallucinations in AD?
Hallucinations in AD are associated with occipital cortex GM loss and NFTs in the anterior cingulate.
What brain changes are linked to delusions in AD?
Delusions in AD are linked to frontal lobe and parietal GM loss; temporal lobe/limbic involvement.
What brain change is linked to agitation in AD?
Agitation in AD is linked to Left insular cortex GM loss.
What brain changes are linked to apathy in AD?
Apathy in AD is linked to Dorsal anterior cingulate, caudate, frontal lobe, and putamen degeneration.
What is depression linked to neurobiologically?
Depression is linked to limbic atrophy and WM hyperintensities.
Which neurotransmitter is mentioned in relation to psychosis, particularly in DLB?
Dopamine is the neurotransmitter mentioned in relation to psychosis, particularly in DLB.
Besides patient distress, what significant impact do NPS have?
NPS cause major distress to patients/caregivers, and some NPS predict faster cognitive decline (e.g., depression).
Why is insight into NPS aetiology clinically important?
Aetiology insight leads to better symptom management and QoL improvement.
What is a theoretical challenge mentioned regarding NPS?
A theoretical challenge is whether NPS are secondary to cognition loss or core symptoms, as their mechanisms are poorly understood.
What is a diagnostic challenge mentioned?
A diagnostic challenge is symptom overlap (e.g., apathy vs. depression) and the need for biomarkers.
What is a key challenge with pharmacological treatments for NPS?
Key challenges include limited efficacy and risks, such as antipsychotics increasing mortality.
How effective are non-pharmacological strategies for NPS according to the source?
Non-pharmacological strategies are described as promising but with mixed evidence (e.g., music therapy, caregiver training).
Are NPS common and impactful in AD and DLB?
Yes, NPS are common and impactful in AD and DLB.
