NS P/S

Question 1

Actor-observer bias

Answer 1

Actor-observer bias is the attribution of others’ actions to internal factors and one’s own actions to external factors.

Question 2

Mere exposure effect

Answer 2

= repeated exposure to novel people or objects increases our

liking for them.

Question 3

Social Support

Answer 3

1. Emotional support. 2. Esteem support 3. Informational
   support 4. Tangible/instrumental support 5. Companion support
   • Emotional support – affection, love, trust, caring. The type that involves

Question 4

Aggression

Answer 4

Biology: genes, amygdala/frontal lobe
Psychological: Frustration-aggression principle, Reinforcement-modeling (parents give into kids aggressive behavior)
Socio-cultural: de-individuation in groups. Social scripts (how to act in society influences by ex. violent video games)

Question 5

construct validity

Answer 5

construct validity refers to how well a given assessment (a survey, a test, etc.) actually measures what it claims to measure—

Question 6

Stress effect on brain

Answer 6

Hippocampus - learning and memory. Frontal cortex responsible for impulse control,
reasoning, judgment, planning. We do see atrophy in these areas subjected to stress.
• One of major emotional responses of stress is depression (problem is anhedonia –
inability to experience pleasure, so perceive more stressors).

Question 7

similarity bias
projection bias
False consensus

Answer 7

similarity bias – implies we will not befriend people different from us.
• A projection bias is when we assume other share the same beliefs we do.
• False consensus is when we assume everyone else agrees with what we do, even if they
do not.

Question 8

Types of kin

Answer 8

primary kin are immediate family – husband-wife, father-daughter, sister-brother, etc. Secondary kin are the immediate kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (e.g., husband and mother-in-law). Finally, tertiary kin are the secondary kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (e.g., the son of your wife’s brother).

Question 9

Mediating Variable

Answer 9

Explains the relationship between IV and DV

Question 10

Harlow Monkey Experiments

Answer 10

Shows that attachment basis to mother is due

to comfort, not food!

Question 11

external validity

Answer 11

external validity—can the results of the experiment be generalized to other settings?

Question 12

Stages of Observational Learning

Answer 12

1. ) Attention to the behavior
2. ) Memory of the behavior
3. ) Ability to behave similarly
4. ) motivation to behave similarly

Question 13

stress-diathesis model

Answer 13

The stress-diathesis model explains that underlying stress, when exacerbated by current stressors, can lead to disturbed functioning.

Question 14

narcissism

Answer 14

narcissism is more closely associated with a pathologically grandiose view of oneself.

Question 15

Self-serving bias

Answer 15

Self-serving bias is attributing successes to the self and failures to external factors.

Question 16

social desirability bias.

Answer 16

present yourself in a more socially acceptable way

Question 17

Test-test reliability

inter-rater reliability.

Answer 17

Test-test reliability refers to the fact that a good test should give stable results over time

inter-rater reliability. That means that if an assessment is carried out by different researchers, they should generate similar results.

Question 18

Reliability vs Validity

Answer 18

Reliability refers to how consistent and repeatable an experiment or assessment is

Validity is a measure of how well a given experiment actually measures what it sets out to measure.

Question 19

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 19

1. Alarm phase – stress reaction kicks in, heart races, resources mobilized –
   “Ready for fight or flight”
   o 2. Resistance – fleeing, huddling, temperature elevated, BP high, breathing rate
   high, body bathed in cortisol.
   o 3. Exhaustion – if resistance isn’t followed by recovery, our body’s stress
   resources are depleted, our tissues become damaged and our dampened

Question 20

acquiescence bias

Answer 20

If they know what the researcher is interested in or the aim of the study, they may select certain responses to please the researcher,

Question 21

developmental model

Answer 21

A developmental model shows how experiences at an early age can impact a person throughout his life.

Question 22

meritocracy

Answer 22

Peoples achievements based on their effort

Question 23

Informal Norms are

Answer 23

Mores (pronounced “more-ays”) are informal norms that carry major importance for society and, if broken, can result in severe social sanctions.
folkways are informal norms that have less significance attached to them but that still influence everyday behavior

Question 24

anhedonia

Answer 24

anhedonia –

inability to experience pleasure, so perceive more stressors).

Question 25

Altruism

Answer 25

care about welfare of other people and are acting to help them. Beneficial to society and also individuals. Kin selection - people act more altruistically to close/kin than distant/non-kin people. Reciprocal altruism - People are also more cooperative if they will interact with that person again in the future Cost signalling – giving signals to others that person who’s giving has resources

Question 26

central tendency bias

Answer 26

avoid extreme responses and gravitate toward the mean

Question 27

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

Answer 27

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis – suggests some people are altruistic due to empathy. High empathy = high in altruistic behaviors

Question 28

Types of Parenting styles

Answer 28

Authoritarian parenting: very strict, break will of child. Punishment. § Authoritative: also strict, consistent and loving but more pragmatic and issue-oriented and listen to children’s arguments. Balance responsibility with rights of child. Discipline. § Permissive parenting/Indulgent parenting: non-directive and lenient. Few behavioral expectations for child.

Question 29

internal validity

Answer 29

s internal validity, then the study has internally been well constructed, using things like large random samples, safeguards against confounding variables, reasonable and reliable processes and instruments, etc.

Question 30

Moderating Variable

Answer 30

variable that affects the strength of the relationship between a dependent and independent variable, NOT direct affect

Question 31

Sherif’s Robber’s Cave Experiment

Answer 31

children were grouped into different camps and, through manipulation, were encouraged to have negative attitudes towards each other. However, after given a task in which they had to collaborate, they began to view each other more favorably.

Question 32

secure | attachment and insecure attachment.

Answer 32

Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation 60% were secure attachment § #1: Child was secure with parent and explored room, might have stayed with mother and eventually explored room (aka. child might walk back to mother at times or look back at mother, but comfortable exploring) § #2: When parent left, child became really distressed/upset § #3: when parent comes back, they would go to the mother and be happy o 40% were classified as having Insecure attachment § #1: children cling to mother, and stayed with mother and did not explore. § #2: When mother left became upset/distress § #3: distress did not go away when she came back. § Others were avoidant – were not upset when they

Question 33

Types of Deviance

Answer 33

Primary deviance is deviance from a norm that is considered “acceptable” by society Secondary deviance from a norm, however, is not considered acceptable and often results in the individual being excluded from a group.

Question 34

Expectancy effects

Answer 34

participants behave in a way that they believe is expected in a study,

Question 35

social cognitive theory

Answer 35

individuals learn behavior through observing others.

Question 36

Criterion validity

Answer 36

extent to which a test reflects a specific quality (like empathy) or set of abilities. To measure criterion validity, researchers typically compare their test to another test that is used most often in the field.

Question 37

diathesis-stress model

Answer 37

diathesis-stress model postulates that some people are born with genetic or biological traits that predispose them to depression.

Question 38

psychodynamic Stuff

Answer 38

has to do with unconscious

Question 39

Medicalization

Answer 39

occurs when human conditions previously considered normal get defined as medical conditions "sick role" "dysfunction"

Question 40

Cognitive behavioral model of depression

Answer 40

our thought and a beliefs influence our actions

Question 41

In-groups vs out-groups

Answer 41

In-groups are groups of individuals who feel loyal to one another and take pride in belonging to them.(vets) Out groups are considered the “other” and are typically in conflict with in groups. For example, enemy troops could be considered out groups.

Question 42

Stressors

Answer 42

Significant life changes Catastrophic events Daily hassles Ambient stressors

Question 43

Feminist Theory

Answer 43

Feminist theory focuses on power and control of one group (generally males, or patriarchal society in general) over another (type of conflict theory)

Question 44

ecological model.

Answer 44

ecological models focus on the context of an individual, including interpersonal factors (relationships with others), social/cultural factors, and community-level factors

Question 45

Demographic transition

Answer 45

demographic transition is the tendency for both birth and death rates in developed countries to decline over time.

Question 46

Cochrane reviews

Answer 46

Cochrane reviews are systematic reviews of primary research in human health care and health policy and are currently the highest standard in evidence-based health care. They investigate the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.

Question 47

Fixations in Freud’s Psychosexual Development

Answer 47

``` Oral stage (If fixation here, issues with dependency or aggression. Also smoking or biting fingers/nails, suck their thum) Anal stage (have problems with orderliness and messiness) Phallic stage (If fixation occurs, cause homosexuality/exhibitionism) latent (none) genital (none) ```

Question 48

Appraisal | theory of stress.

Answer 48

two stages Primary appraisal – assessing stress in present situation as Secondary appraisal – Evaluation of the individual’s ability to cope with the situation

Question 49

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 49

Those with the disorder tend to display a disregard for the feelings or rights of others, an impoverished moral sense, and aggressive behavior. q

Question 50

psychodynamic model

Answer 50

A psychodynamic model would show how relationship experiences can affect subsequent relationships.

Question 51

Negative and positive controls

Answer 51

Negative controls are treatments that are known to have no effect positive controls are treatments that are known to have a certain effect and can therefore be used to assess whether the experimental methodology was sound