NSC Flashcards

Question

Neo-Conservatism

Answer 1

* a political movement in the US starting in the 1960’s among democrats who became disenchanted with the party’s domestic and foreign policy * advocate the promotion of democracy and promotion of American national interest in international affairs, including by means of military force * ex: paul wolfowitz

Answer 2

* the perception that a country, society, institution, movement, or time period is exceptional in some way and does not need to conform to normal rules or general principles * today it is applied to national or regional exceptionalism

Answer 3

* Preemptive: when there’s an imminent attack; Caroline Doctrine * Consideration of a harm that would occur if the attack were allowed to commence * Probability attack will occur based on sound evidence * Availability of Non-forcible means of response: can you respond to this perceived to this eminent threat based on use of force * Ex: Israel in the 6 Day War

Answer 4

* put forth during a press conference in Guam on July 25,1969 * formalized in his speech on Vietnamization * Nixon stated that "the United States would assist in the defense and developments of allies and friends," but would not "undertake all the defense of the free nations of the world." * This doctrine meant that each ally nation was in charge of its own security in general, but the United States would act as a nuclear umbrella when requested. The Doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies.

Answer 5

• The Strategic Arms Limitations Talks were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union on the issue of armament control

Answer 6

* May 26, 1972 * SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels and provided for the addition of new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of older intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled. SALT I also limited land-based ICBMs that were in range from the northeastern border of the continental United States to the northwestern border of the continental USSR.

Answer 7

• o a series of talks between United States and Soviet negotiators from 1972 to 1979 which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons. o The SALT II Treaty banned new missile programs (a new missile defined as one with any key parameter 5% better than in currently deployed missiles), so both sides were forced to limit their new strategic missile types development. o an agreement to limit strategic launchers was reached in Vienna on June 18, 1979, and was signed by Brezhnev and Carter. o Six months after the signing, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, and in September of the same year, the United States discovered that a Soviet combat brigade was stationed in Cuba.

Answer 8

• The Goldwater–Nichols Act was an attempt to fix problems caused by inter-service rivalry, which had emerged during the Vietnam War, contributed to the catastrophic failure of the Iranian hostage rescue mission in 1980, and which were still evident in the invasion of Grenada in 1983.

Answer 9

* 1973 * a federal law intended to check the president’s power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the US Congress * provides that POTUS can send armed force into action abroad only by declaration of war by congress “statutory authorization,” or in case of “a national emergency created by attack upon the US, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces”

Answer 10

* intelligence reform and terrorism prevention act of 2004 * This act established both the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI), the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. * The IRTPA requires the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to take over the conducting of pre-flight comparisons of airline passenger information to Federal Government watch lists for international and domestic flights.

Answer 11

* a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the US from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons * was to combine ground-based units and orbital deployment platforms * set up in 1984 within in the DOD to oversee the SDI

Answer 12

* has been used to refer to any new period of history evidencing a dramatic change in world political thought and the balance of power. * it is primarily associated with the ideological notion of global governance only in the sense of new collective efforts to identify, understand, or address worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual nation-states to solve.

Answer 13

o was a United States federal government committee created in December 1944 to address the political-military issues involved in the occupation of the Axis powers following the end of World War II. o SWNCC was an important precursor to the National Security Council, and represents perhaps the most successful integration of military and civilian assets in the history of U.S. foreign policy. As a result, it has received renewed scrutiny in the wake of the Iraq War as the U.S. government attempts to overhaul its interagency national security system.[1] o During World War II, interagency coordination had been largely informal and mediated by president Roosevelt, but recognizing the need for deeper integration, theSecretary of State, Secretary of War, and Secretary of the Navy began holding weekly meetings to work through shared problems. However, the so-called "Committee of Three" had no specific mandate or authority, and this weakness became apparent as the war moved toward its conclusions and the details of occupation planning began to occupy the various departments.

Answer 14

o James Vincent Forrestal (February 15, 1892 – May 22, 1949) was the last Cabinet-level United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United States Secretary of Defense. Ferdinand A. Eberstadt (June 19, 1890 – November 11, 1969) was an American lawyer, investment banker, and an important policy advisor to the United States government who was instrumental in the creation of the National Security Council.

Answer 15

o The National Security Act of 1947 was a major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II. The majority of the provisions of the Act took effect on September 18, 1947, the day after the Senate confirmed James Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. His power was initially limited and it was difficult for him to exercise the authority to make his office effective. This was later changed in the amendment to the act in 1949, creating what was to be the Department of Defense. o The Act merged the Department of War (renamed as the Department of the Army) and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment (NME), headed by the Secretary of Defense. It also created the Department of the Air Force, which separated the Army Air Forces into its own service. Initially, each of the three service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, but the act was amended on August 10, 1949, to ensure their subordination to the Secretary of Defense. At the same time, the NME was renamed as the Department of Defense. The purpose was to unify the Army, Navy, and Air Force into a federated structure. o Aside from the military reorganization, the act established the National Security Council, a central place of coordination for national security policy in the executive branch, and the Central Intelligence Agency, the U.S.'s first peacetime intelligence agency. The council's function was to advise the president on domestic, foreign, and military policies, and to ensure cooperation between the various military and intelligence agencies. o The Joint Chiefs of Staff was officially established under Title II, Section 211 of the original National Security Act of 1947 before Sections 209–214 of Title II were repealed by the law enacting Title 10 and Title 32, United States Code (Act of August 10, 1956, 70A Stat. 676) to replace them. o The act and its changes, along with the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, were major components of the Truman administration's Cold War strategy. o The bill signing took place aboard Truman's VC-54C presidential aircraft Sacred Cow, the first aircraft used for the role of Air Force One.

Answer 16

o The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy to stop Soviet imperialism during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey. No American military force was involved; instead Congress appropriated a free gift of financial aid to support the economies and the militaries of Greece and Turkey. More generally, the Truman doctrine implied American support for other nations threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led in 1949 to the formation of NATO, a full-fledged military alliance that is in effect to this day. Historians often use Truman's speech to date the start of the Cold War. o Truman told Congress that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Truman reasoned, because these "totalitarian regimes" coerced "free peoples", they represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. Truman made the plea amid the crisis of the Greek Civil War (1946–49). He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid that they urgently needed, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was necessary to help both equally, even though the threat to Greece was more immediate. Eric Foner argues, the Truman Doctrine "set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union." o For years Britain had supported Greece, but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement. In February 1947, Britain formally requested the United States take over its role in supporting the Greek government. The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money, but no military forces, to the region. The effect was to end the Communist threat, and in 1952 both Greece and Turkey joined NATO, a military alliance that guaranteed their protection. o The Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world. It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from détente (a relaxation of tension) to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan. It avoided the policy of rollback because it implicitly tolerated the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe.

Answer 17

o The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave $13 billion (approximately $130 billion in current dollar value as of August 2015) in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1947. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous again, and prevent the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate barriers, a dropping of many petty regulations constraining business, and encouraged an increase in productivity, labor union membership, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures. o The Marshall Plan aid was divided amongst the participant states roughly on a per capita basis. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for general European revival. Somewhat more aid per capita was also directed towards the Allied nations, with less for those that had been part of the Axis or remained neutral. The largest recipient of Marshall Plan money was the United Kingdom (receiving about 26% of the total), followed by France (18%) and West Germany (11%). Some 18 European countries received Plan benefits. Although offered participation, the Soviet Union refused Plan benefits, and also blocked benefits to Eastern Bloc countries, such as East Germany and Poland. The United States provided similar aid programs in Asia, but they were not called "Marshall Plan". o The initiative is named after Secretary of State George Marshall. The plan had bipartisan support in Washington, where the Republicans controlled Congress and the Democrats controlled the White House with Harry S. Truman as president. The Plan was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan, with help from Brookings Institution, as requested by Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Marshall spoke of an urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947.[1] The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to aid in the economic recovery of nations after WWII as well as to antagonize the Soviet Union. By providing economic assistance to nations including the USSR, the United States was informing nations of the squalid and depraved conditions that they lived in. In order to combat the effects of the Marshall Plan, the USSR developed and forcefully imposed its own economic plan, known as the Molotov Plan o The phrase "equivalent of the Marshall Plan" is often used to describe a proposed large-scale economic rescue program.

Answer 18

o National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) was a 58-paged top secret policy paper issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950, during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. It was one of the most significant statements of American policy in the Cold War. NSC-68 largely shaped U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War for the next 20 years, and involved a decision to increase the pressure of Containment against global Communist expansion a high priority. It rejected the alternative policies of friendly Détente or aggressive Rollback

Answer 19

o North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance signed in 1949 by 16 countries: Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Luxembourg, United States, and Canada. The purpose of NATO is the joint defense of all its members and the peaceful coexistence with all nations; it regards an attack upon any one member as an attack upon all members. NATO currently has 29 member states.

Answer 20

o The Operations Coordinating Board was a committee of the United States Executive created in 1953 by President Eisenhower's Executive Order 10483. The board, which reported to the National Security Council was responsible for integrating the implementation of national security policies across several agencies. o The board's membership was to include the Under Secretary of State, who was to chair the board, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the Director of the Foreign Operations Administration, the Director of Central Intelligence, and the President's Special Assistant for Psychological Warfare. Also authorized to attend were the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs and the Director of the United States Information Agency. o The creation of the board was a recommendation of the Jackson Committee, chaired by William Harding Jackson, set-up to propose future United States Government information and psychological warfare programs. The same committee recommended the existing Psychological Strategy Board be abolished. o The Operations Coordinating Board was abolished by President Kennedy on February 19, 1961.

Answer 21

o Also known as massive response or massive deterrence, is a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.

Answer 22

o A nuclear strategy implemented by John F. Kennedy in 1961 to develop several options, other than the nuclear option, for quickly dealing with enemy aggression. The strategy sought to target an enemy’s military force first, not its civilian population. It hoped to provide a genuine alternative to the ‘suicide or surrender dilemma of Massive Retaliation strategy’.

Answer 23

o The Executive Committee of the National Security Council (commonly referred to as simply the Executive Committee or ExComm) was a body of United States government officials that convened to advise President John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. It was composed of the regular members of the National Security Council, along with other men whose advice the President deemed useful during the crisis. EXCOMM was formally established by National Security Action Memorandum 196 on October 22, 1962. It was made up of twelve full members in addition to the president. Advisers frequently sat in on the meetings, which were held in the Cabinet Room of the White House's West Wing and secretly recorded by tape machines activated by Kennedy. None of the other committee members knew the meetings were being recorded, save for possibly the president's brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.

Answer 24

o Known in Hispanic America as Bahia De Cochinos, was an unsuccessful military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military trained and funded by the United States government’s CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front and intended to overthrow the revolutionary left wing government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban armed forces, under the direct command of Prime Minister Fidel Castro.

Answer 25

o Known as the October crisis in Cuba and the Caribbean crisis in the former USSR- was a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other side. The crisis is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict, and is also the first documented instance of mutual assured destruction being discussed as a determining factor in a major international arms agreement.

Answer 26

o A US Foreign Policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to contain the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a “domino effect”. One of the most successful long-term U.S. foreign policies. Containment is usually credited to George Kennan and his Long Telegram and was formally announced as US policy y Truman in 1947 in the Truman Doctrine.

Answer 27

o The relaxation of strained relations or tensions (as between nations); A policy toward a rival nation or bloc characterized by increased diplomatic, commercial, and cultural contact and a desire to reduce tensions, as through negotiation or talks. Détente presupposes that the two powers will continue to disagree but seeks to reduce the occasions of conflict. The US adopted a policy of détente towards the Soviet Union in the 1970s. It was a strategic blunder as the Soviets used that time to either catch or create alarming disparities in nuclear arsenals and vital weapons systems. It ended with the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidency.

Answer 28

o A term used by American foreign policy thinkers during the Cold War. It was defined as using military force to “roll back” communism in countries where it had taken root. These attempts began as early as 1945 with attempts in Eastern Europe, including attempts to provide weapons to independence fighters in the Baltic States and Ukraine. The most elaborate effort was against Albania, where a trained force of guerillas were landed by the Americans. The people failed to support these fighters, however, and they were mostly captured or killed.

Answer 29

o Engagement is applied in diplomacy as a synonym for a wider range of more specific practices of contact between an international actor and a foreign public, including public diplomacy, communication and the deployment of international aid. It is associated with the approach to foreign policy that some have dubbed smart power. It was the title of a 2008 anthology of essays on the future of public diplomacy published by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. o Since January 2009 it has been widely used by the administration of President Barack Obama in the United States. In May 2009 the Obama administration announced the creation of a unit within the National Security Council responsible for coordinating diplomacy, aid and international communication called the Global Engagement Directive. o Variations on 'Engagement' include 'Strategic Public Engagement' which was first seen in June 2009 in a report by the Washington-based Think Tank Center for a New American Security entitled Beyond Bullets: A Pragmatic Strategy to Combat Violent Islamist Extremism. o The term engagement is used in both military and marketing contexts and thus has the advantage for the Obama administration of reassuring both these constituencies. Other terms might imply less neutrality or greater continuity with the approach of previous administration.

Answer 30

o The policy or doctrine of isolating one’s country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, etc… seeking to devote the entire efforts of one’s country to its own advancement and remain at peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities.

Answer 31

o Realism is a school of thought in international relations theory based on four central propositions, namely Political Groupism,Egoism, International anarchy and Power politics. Realpolitikal diplomacy first came to be known through the works ofThomas Hobbes and Niccolò Machiavelli, but it was not until Hans Morgenthau that scholars began to study such theory methodically, with Realism emerging as an international relations-based approach in the inter-war years of the 20th century. As the theories began to anchor themselves in international relations studies throughout the 20th century, branches began to emerge such as classical realism, neorealism, defensive realism, offensive realism, and neoclassical realism. o Realism is often associated with Realpolitik as both are based on the management of the pursuit, possession, and application of power. Realpolitik, however, is an older prescriptive guideline limited to policy-making (like foreign policy), while Realism is a particular paradigm, or wider theoretical and methodological framework, aimed at describing, explaining and, eventually, predicting events in the international relations domain. The theories of Realism are contrasted by the cooperative ideals of Liberalism.

Answer 32

o Neo-conservatism (commonly shortened to neocon) is a political movement born in the United States during the 1960s among Democrats who became disenchanted with the party's domestic and especially foreign policy. Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. Neoconservatives peaked in influence during the administrations of George W. Bush, George H W Bush and Tony Blair, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Prominent neoconservatives in the Bush administration included Paul Wolfowitz, John Bolton, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, and Paul Bremer. Senior officials Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, while not identifying themselves as neoconservatives, listened closely to neoconservative advisers regarding foreign policy, especially the defense of Israel, the promotion of democracy in the Middle East, and the buildup of American military forces to achieve these goals. The neocons have influence in the Obama White House, and neo-conservatism remains a staple in both parties arsenal. o The term "neoconservative" refers to those who made the ideological journey from New Deal liberalism to the camp of American conservatism. Neoconservatives typically advocate the promotion of democracy and promotion of American national interest in international affairs, including by means of military force, and are known for espousing disdain for communism and for political radicalism. Many early neoconservative thinkers were Zionist and published articles in Commentary, published by the American Jewish Committee. They spoke out against the New Left, and in that way helped define the movement. C. Bradley Thompson, a professor at Clemson University, claims that most influential neoconservatives refer explicitly to the theoretical ideas in the philosophy of Leo Strauss (1899–1973), though in doing so they may draw upon meaning that Strauss himself did not endorse.

Answer 33

o American exceptionalism has been historically referred to as the perception that the United States differs qualitatively from other developed nations, because of its unique origins, national credo, historical evolution, and distinctive political institutions. It does not refer to any innate superiority of the American people, but rather stresses the genius of the Constitutional arrangements that permit self-government, protect against human frailty and corruption (through such structures as checks and balances), enable a maximum of political and economic liberty, and minimize the waste of human talent. The term was first used by Alexis Tocqueville in 1831.

Answer 34

o The anticipatory use of force in the face of an imminent attack.

Answer 35

o The Nixon Doctrine (also known as the Guam Doctrine) was put forth during a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by U.S. President Richard Nixon[1] and later formalized in his speech on Vietnamization on November 3, 1969 According to Gregg Brazinsky, Nixon stated that "the United States would assist in the defense and developments of allies and friends," but would not "undertake all the defense of the free nations of the world." This doctrine meant that each ally nation was in charge of its own security in general, but the United States would act as a nuclear umbrella when requested. The Doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies. The Nixon Doctrine implied the intentions of Richard Nixon shifting the direction on international policies in Asia, especially aiming for "Vietnamization of the Vietnam War."

Answer 36

o Strategic Arms Limitations Talks- refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union- the Cold War Superpowers- on the issue of armament control. There were two rounds of talks and agreements- SALT I and SALT II. Negotiations started in Helsinki, Finland in 1969 and focused on limiting the two countries’ stocks of nuclear weapons. These treaties have led to START.

Answer 37

o Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty- START I, a 1991 agreement between the US and the Soviet Union and START II, a 1993 between the US and Russia, placed specific caps on each side’s number of nuclear weapons. o Was a strategic arms limitation treaty between the US and the Soviet Union. The treaty placed limits on the number of various types of vehicles and attributed warheads that could be deployed by either side. It remains in effect, as a treaty between the US and Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine have since totally disarmed their strategic arms capabilities.

Answer 38

o The Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 Pub. L. 99–433, (signed by President Ronald Reagan), made the most sweeping changes to the United States Department of Defense since the department was established in the National Security Act of 1947 by reworking the command structure of the United States military. It increased the powers of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and implemented some of the suggestions from The Packard Commission, commissioned by President Ronald Reagan in 1985. Among other changes, Goldwater–Nichols streamlined the military chain of command, which now runs from the President through the Secretary of Defense directly to combatant commanders (CCDRs), bypassing the service chiefs. The service chiefs were assigned to an advisory role to the President and the Secretary of Defense as well as given the responsibility for training and equipping personnel for the unified combatant commands. o Named after Senator Barry Goldwater (R-Arizona) and Representative William Flynt "Bill" Nichols (D-Alabama), the bill passed the House of Representatives, 383-27, and the Senate, 95-0. It was signed into law by President Reagan on October 1, 1986. Admiral William J. Crowe was the first Chairman to serve under this new legislation.

Answer 39

o The War Powers Resolution of 1973 (50 U.S.C. 1541–1548) is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution; this provides that the U.S. President can send U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress, "statutory authorization," or in case of "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces." o The War Powers Resolution requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days, with a further 30 day withdrawal period, without an authorization of the use of military force or a declaration of war. The resolution was passed by two-thirds of Congress, overriding a presidential veto. o It has been alleged that the War Powers Resolution has been violated in the past, for example, by President William J. Clinton in 1999, during the bombing campaign in Kosovo. Congress has disapproved all such incidents, but none has resulted in any successful legal actions being taken against the president for alleged violations.

Answer 40

o Intelligence Reform and Prevention Act of 2004 o Reorganized the IC o Established the position of DNI o Established the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) o Adopted the key principles of Executive Order 13356- Strengthening the sharing of terrorism information to protect Americans, and directed the establishment of the Information Sharing Environment (ISE)

Answer 41

o The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons (Intercontinental ballistic missiles and Submarine-launched ballistic missiles). The system, which was to combine ground-based units and orbital deployment platforms, was first publicly announced by President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983.[1] The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD). The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative.

Answer 42

o The term "new world order" has been used to refer to any new period of history evidencing a dramatic change in world political thought and the balance of power. Despite various interpretations of this term, it is primarily associated with the ideological notion of global governance only in the sense of new collective efforts to identify, understand, or address worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual nation-states to solve. o One of the first and most well-known Western uses of the term was in Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and in a call for a League of Nations following the devastation of World War I. The phrase was used sparingly at the end of World War II when describing the plans for the United Nations and the Bretton Woods system, and partly because of its negative associations with the failed League of Nations. However, many commentators have applied the term retroactively to the order put in place by the World War II victors as a "new world order." o The most widely discussed application of the phrase of recent times came at the end of the Cold War. Presidents Mikhail Gorbachev and George H. W. Bush used the term to try to define the nature of the post-Cold War era, and the spirit of great power cooperation that they hoped might materialize. Gorbachev's initial formulation was wide ranging and idealistic, but his ability to press for it was severely limited by the internal crisis of the Soviet system. Bush's vision was, in comparison, much more circumscribed and realistic, perhaps even instrumental at times, and closely linked to the Gulf War.

Answer 43

o The Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait. o The war is also known under other names, such as the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War before the term "Iraq War" became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War (also referred to in the U.S. as "Operation Iraqi Freedom").The Iraqi Army's occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the U.N. Security Council. U.S. President George H. W. Bush deployed U.S. forces into Saudi Arabia, and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene. An array of nations joined the Coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the Coalition's military forces were from the U.S., with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order. Saudi Arabia paid around US$36 billion of the US$60 billion cost. o The war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the U.S. network CNN. The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board U.S. bombers during Operation Desert Storm. o The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991, continuing for five weeks. This was followed by a ground assault on 24 February. This was a decisive victory for the Coalition forces, who drove the Iraqi military from Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi territory. The Coalition ceased its advance, and declared a cease-fire 100 hours after the ground campaign started. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas on Saudi Arabia's border. Iraq launched Scud missiles against Coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel.

Answer 44

o “Operation Enduring Freedom” (OEF) is the official name used by the government of the United States of America to describe the Global War on Terrorism. o The Operation comprises several subordinate operations: • Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan (OEF-A), lasted from October 2001 to 31 December 2014. Succeeded by Operation Freedom's Sentinel. • Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines (OEF-P, formerly Operation Freedom Eagle) • Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA) • Operation Enduring Freedom – Pankisi Gorge • Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS; see also Insurgency in the Maghreb) • Operation Enduring Freedom – Caribbean and Central America (OEF-CCA) • Operation Enduring Freedom – Kyrgyzstan

Answer 45

o The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began with the 2003 invasion of Iraq led by the United States. The invasion regime toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. However, the conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict. The United States officially withdrew from the country in 2011 but became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. o The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U.S., joined by the United Kingdom and several coalition allies, launching a "shock and awe" bombing campaign. Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Ba'athist government; Saddam was captured in December 2003 and executed by a military court three years later. However, the power vacuum following Saddam's demise and the mismanagement of the occupation led to widespread sectarian violence between Shias and Sunnis as well as a lengthy insurgency against U.S. and coalition forces. The United States responded with a troop surge in 2007 to attempt to reduce the violence. The U.S. began withdrawing its troops in the winter of 2007–08. The winding down of U.S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama. The U.S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011. o The Bush administration based its rationale for war principally on the assertion that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and that Saddam's government posed an immediate threat to the United States and its coalition allies.[51][52] Select U.S. officials accused Saddam of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda, while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship and bring democracy to the people of Iraq. After the invasion, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism within the U.S. and internationally.

Answer 46

o Operation Eagle Claw (or Operation Evening Light or Operation Rice Bowl) was a United States Armed Forces operation ordered by US President Jimmy Carter to attempt to end the Iran hostage crisis by rescuing 52 diplomats held captive at the embassy of the United States, Tehran on 24 April 1980. Its failure, and the humiliating public debacle that ensued, damaged US prestige worldwide. Carter concluded that the failure to free the hostages played a major role in Ronald Reagan's victory in the 1980 US presidential election. o The operation encountered many obstacles and was eventually aborted. Eight helicopters were sent to the first staging area, Desert One, but only five arrived in operational condition. One encountered hydraulic problems, another got caught in a cloud of very fine sand, and the last one showed signs of a cracked rotor blade. During planning it was decided that the mission would be aborted if fewer than six helicopters remained, despite only four being absolutely necessary. In a move that is still discussed in military circles, the commanders asked President Carter for permission to abort and Carter granted the request. o As the U.S. force prepared to leave, one of the helicopters crashed into a transport aircraft which contained both servicemen and jet fuel. The resulting fire destroyed both aircraft and killed eight servicemen. Operation Eagle Claw was one of Delta Force's first missions.

Answer 47

o Operation Provide Comfort and Provide Comfort II were military operations initiated by the United States, the United Kingdom, and some of the Gulf War allies, starting in April 1991, to defend Kurds fleeing their homes in northern Iraq in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War and deliver humanitarian aid to them.

Answer 48

o The United States Invasion of Panama, code-named Operation Just Cause, was the invasion of Panama by the United States in December 1989. It occurred during the administration of U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and ten years after the Torrijos–Carter Treaties were ratified to transfer control of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama by 1 January 2000. During the invasion, de facto Panamanian leader, general, and dictator Manuel Noriega was deposed, president-elect Guillermo Endara sworn into office, and the Panamanian Defense Force dissolved.

Answer 49

o Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) is the U.S. military operation name for the Military intervention against ISIL, including both the campaign in Iraq and the campaign in Syria. o Unlike their coalition partners, and unlike previous combat operations, no name was initially given to the conflict against ISIL by the U.S. government. The decision to keep the conflict nameless drew considerable media criticism. U.S. service members remain ineligible for Campaign Medals and other service decorations due to the continuing ambiguous nature of the continuing U.S. involvement in Iraq. o The United States Central Command (CENTCOM) news release noted: • According to CENTCOM officials, the name INHERENT RESOLVE is intended to reflect the unwavering resolve and deep commitment of the U.S. and partner nations in the region and around the globe to eliminate the terrorist group ISIL and the threat they pose to Iraq, the region and the wider international community. It also symbolizes the willingness and dedication of coalition members to work closely with our friends in the region and apply all available dimensions of national power necessary - diplomatic, informational, military, economic - to degrade and ultimately destroy ISIL. o The Defense Department announced at the end of October 2014 that troops operating in support of Operation Inherent Resolve after June 15 were eligible for the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal. Service areas are: Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates, as well as troops supporting the operation in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea east of 25 degrees longitude. The medal is approved retroactively beginning June 15, the Pentagon said. o As of December 4, 2014, three U.S. service members have been lost through accidents or non-combat injuries/incidents.

Answer 50

o The multifaceted push by the George W. Bush to inject more democracy into the Middle East—a set of policies sometimes grouped under the label of the “Freedom Agenda”

Answer 51

o Dealt with US relations with the Soviet Union | o During Reagan administration and called to stop containment and begin rollback strategy

Answer 52

``` o National Security Council o National Economic Council o Homeland Security Council o Office of the Vice President o Office of Management and Budget o Office of Science and Technology o Office of National Drug Control Policy ```

Answer 53

o On December 4, 1981, U.S. President Ronald Reagan signed Executive Order 12333, an Executive Order intended to extend powers and responsibilities of U.S. intelligence agencies and direct the leaders of U.S. federal agencies to co-operate fully withCIA requests for information. This executive order was entitled United States Intelligence Activities. o It was amended by Executive Order 13355: Strengthened Management of the Intelligence Community, on August 27, 2004. On July 30, 2008, President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13470 amending Executive Order 12333 to strengthen the role of the DNI.

Answer 54

o Title 6- governs Domestic Security o Title 10- outlines the role of armed forces in the United States Code.[1] It provides the legal basis for the roles, missions and organization of each of the services as well as the United States Department of Defense. Each of the five subtitles deals with a separate aspect or component of the armed services. o Title 18- outlines crimes and criminal procedure; domestic in nature o Title 22- outlines the role of foreign relations and intercourse o Title 50- outlines the role of War and National Defense

Answer 55

``` o Policy Coordinating Committee/Interagency Working Group • Generally assistant secretary level o Deputy Committee • Deputy _____ secretary of _____ level o Principles Committee • Secretary level o National Security Council ```

Answer 56

• self explanatory

Answer 57

self explanatory

Answer 58

o Any event that happened before the “crisis” | • Think anything September 10th, 2001 or before

Answer 59

o It is often used for risk management when an exceptional risk that, though unlikely, would have catastrophic consequences. Contingency plans are often devised by governments or businesses. For example, suppose many employees of a company are traveling together on an aircraft which crashes, killing all aboard. The company could be severely strained or even ruined by such a loss. Accordingly, many companies have procedures to follow in the event of such a disaster. The plan may also include standing policies to mitigate a disaster's potential impact, such as requiring employees to travel separately or limiting the number of employees on any one aircraft. o During times of crisis, contingency plans are often developed to explore and prepare for any eventuality. During the Cold War, many governments made contingency plans to protect themselves and their citizens from nuclear attack.

Answer 60

o Senate Armed Services Committee o House Armed Services Committee o Senate Select Committee on Intelligence o House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence o Senate Foreign Relations Committee House Foreign Relations Committee

Answer 61

o Senate Appropriations Committee • Subcommittee on defense o House Appropriations Committee • Subcommittee on defense

Answer 62

o Function 150 is the international affairs account which includes money allocated for aid for developing nations, and consequently where a significant amount of global poverty and hunger funding falls

Answer 63

o The United States Intelligence Community (I.C.) is a federation of 17 separate United States government agencies that work separately and together to conduct intelligence activities considered necessary for the conduct of foreign relations and national security of the United States. Member organizations of the I.C. include intelligence agencies, military intelligence, and civilian intelligence and analysis offices within federal executive departments. The I.C. is headed by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), who reports to the President of the United States.

Answer 64

o Released annually by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and outlines the largest threats to the United States

Answer 65

o The Russian reset was an attempt of the newly elected Obama administration to improve relations between the United States and Russia. o On 6 March 2009 in Geneva, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton presented Sergei Lavrov with a red button with the Russian text "перегрузка". It was intended that this would be the Russian word for "reset". Clinton explained that she wanted to reset relations between Russia and the United States. However, Lavrov explained to Clinton that "перегрузка" actually means "overcharge". The two pressed the button anyway. Clinton explained that the American side meant it; they wanted a new era of better ties.

Answer 66

o Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Kurt Campbell spoke with FPI Director Robert Kagan on the Obama administration’s strategic “pivot” from the Middle East to East Asia. o Campbell began by saying that the countries of the Asian-Pacific recognize that while the dominant issues of the 21st century will be decided in that region, the United States was still in the initial stages its engagement there. They recognize that the United States still had pressing situations in Afghanistan and Iraq, and a premature withdrawal from America’s commitments in those countries would not be positively indicative of Washington’s commitment to the Asia-Pacific. • While the United States has spent a great deal on defense spending in the decade following September 11, 2001, Campbell remarked that much of that spending was on post-conflict reconstruction related spending. While many states in the region were investing heavily in power-projection capabilities, the United States had not kept up. Moreover, while the United States had traditionally focused its attention in Northeast Asia, America had typically lagged in its engagement with countries in Southeast Asia. The pivot to Asia, Campbell said, will not be completed in a few years, but will require a sustained and different allocation of diplomatic and military resources. o Campbell said the United States must recognize that every country in the region wants a better relationship with China as well as the United States. This is not necessarily due to geo-strategic concerns, he noted, but simple geography. The country’s prominence and position in the region requires that smaller nations maintain strong ties with both Beijing and Washington, much unlike the bipolar divide of the Cold War. America’s relationship with China will be the most complex relationship that we have ever had, and continued engagement with Beijing will be critical to managing the security and economic issues of the 21stcentury. o Campbell emphasized that America’s approach to China on human rights is indivisible from our economic and security policy. He believes that previous remarks from Secretary of State Hillary Clinton that human rights would not impact the other elements of America’s China policy were taken out of context. He emphasized that the United States has repeatedly broached human rights with Beijing as well as other authoritarian countries in the region. He admitted that while those conversations were not easy ones to have, they were critical to democracy promotion.

Answer 67

o The Berlin Blockade (1 April 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under allied control. The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutschmark from West Berlin. In response, the Western Allies organized the Berlin airlift to carry supplies to the numbers of people in West Berlin. This would be a tough task because of the numbers of people living in West Berlin. Aircrews from the United States Air Force, the British Royal Air Force, the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force, the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and the South African Air Force. Flew over 200,000 flights in one year, providing up to 8,893 tons of necessities daily, such as fuel and food, to the Berliners. Neither side wanted a war; the Soviets did not disrupt the airlift. o By the spring of 1949 the airlift was clearly succeeding, and by April it was delivering more cargo than had previously been transported into the city by rail. On 12 May 1949, the USSR lifted the blockade of West Berlin. The Berlin Crisis of 1948–1949 served to highlight competing ideological and economic visions for postwar Europe, particularly Germany.

Answer 68

Is a system that aspires to the maintenance of peace, in which the participants agree that any breach of the peace is to be declared a concern to all of the participating states. A system by which states have attempted to prevent or stop wars. Under a collective security arrangement, an aggressor against any one state is considered an aggressor against all other states, which act together to repel the aggressor.

Answer 69

o Known as the October crisis in Cuba and the Caribbean crisis in the former USSR- was a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other side. The crisis is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict, and is also the first documented instance of mutual assured destruction being discussed as a determining factor in a major international arms agreement.

Answer 70

o United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) was the first part of a United Nations (UN) sponsored effort to provide, facilitate, and secure humanitarian relief in Somalia, as well as to monitor the first UN-brokered ceasefire of the Somali Civil War conflict in the early 1990s. o The operation was established in April 1992 and ran until its duties were assumed by the UNITAF mission in December 1992. Following the dissolution of UNITAF in May 1993, the subsequent UN mission in Somalia was known as UNOSOM II. o United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) was the second phase of the United Nations intervention in Somalia, from March 1993 until March 1995. o UNOSOM II carried on from the United States-controlled (UN-sanctioned) Unified Task Force (UNITAF), which had in turn taken over from the ineffectual United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) mission. All three of these interventions were aimed at creating a secure enough environment for humanitarian operations to be carried out in the increasingly lawless and famine-stricken country. o The UNOSOM II intervention is well known for the Battle of Mogadishu and the resulting events portrayed in the book Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War, and its associated film Black Hawk Down.

Answer 71

o The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty or ABMT) was a treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against ballistic missile-delivered nuclear weapons. Under the terms of the treaty, each party was limited to two ABM complexes, each of which were to be limited to 100 anti-ballistic missiles. o Signed in 1972, it was in force for the next 30 years. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in 1997 the United States and four former Soviet republics agreed to succeed to the treaty. In June 2002 the United States withdrew from the treaty, leading to its termination.

Answer 72

o The Joint Communiqué of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, also known as the Shanghai Communiqué(1972), was an important diplomatic document issued by the United States of America and the People's Republic of China on February 28, 1972 during President Richard Nixon's visit to China. The document pledged that it was in the interest of all nations for the United States and China to work towards the normalization of their relations, although this would not occur until the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations seven years later. o The US and China also agreed that neither they nor any other power should "seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region". This was of particular importance to China, who shared a militarized border with the Soviet Union. o Regarding the political status of Taiwan, in the communiqué the United States acknowledged the One-China policy (but did not endorse the PRC's version of the policy) and agreed to cut back military installations on Taiwan. This "constructive ambiguity" (in the phrase of US Secretary of StateHenry Kissinger, who oversaw the American side of the negotiations) would continue to hinder efforts for complete normalization. o The communiqué included wishes to expand the economic and cultural contacts between the two nations, although no concrete steps were mentioned.

Answer 73

o The phrase evil empire was first applied to the Soviet Union in 1983 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who took an aggressive, hard-line stance that favored matching and exceeding the Soviet Union's strategic and global military capabilities, in calling for a rollback strategy that would, in his words, write the final pages of the history of the Soviet Union. The characterization demeaned the Soviet Union and angered Soviet leaders. According To G. Thomas Goodnight, the "Evil Empire" speech along with the "Zero Option" and "Star Wars" speeches represented the rhetorical side of the United States' escalation of the Cold War. In the former, Reagan depicted nuclear warfare as an extension of the "age old struggle between good and evil", while arguing that an increased nuclear inventory as well as progress in science and technology were necessary to prevent global conflict. Through these speeches, the Reagan Administration used rhetoric to reshape public knowledge about and attitudes toward nuclear warfare.

Answer 74

o U.S. President George W. Bush used the term Axis of evil in his State of the Union Address on January 29, 2002, and often repeated it throughout his presidency, to describe governments that he accused of helping terrorism and seeking weapons of mass destruction. Iran, Iraq, and North Korea were portrayed by George W. Bush during the State of the Union as building nuclear weapons. The Axis of Evil was used to pinpoint these common enemies of the United States and rally the country in support of the War on Terror.

Answer 75

o "A New Beginning" is the name of a speech delivered by United States President Barack Obama on 4 June 2009, from the Major Reception Hall at Cairo University in Egypt. Al-Azhar University co-hosted the event. The speech honors a promise Obama made during his presidential campaign to give a major address to Muslims from a Muslim capital during his first few months as president. o White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs indicated that Egypt was chosen because "it is a country that in many ways represents the heart of the Arab world." Egypt is considered a key player in the Middle East peace process as well as a major recipient of American military and economic aid. Reuters reporter Ross Colvin reported that the speech would attempt to mend the United States' relations with the Muslim world, which he wrote were "severely damaged" during the presidency of George W. Bush.

Answer 76

o The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David.[1] The two framework agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks (A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel) led directly to the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty. Due to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. The first framework (A Framework for Peace in the Middle East), which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without participation of the Palestinians and was condemned by the United Nations.

Answer 77

o The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol or Dayton-Paris Agreement, is the peace agreement reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, United States, in November 1995, and formally signed in Paris on 14 December 1995. These accords put an end to the 3 1⁄2-year-long Bosnian War, one of the Yugoslav Wars.

Answer 78

o The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, orP5, include the following five governments: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The members represent the five great powers considered the victors of World War II.[1] Each of the permanent members has power to veto, enabling them to prevent the adoption of any "substantive" draft Council resolution, regardless of the level of international support for the draft.

Answer 79

o A war fought for limited objectives with selected types of weapons or targets; the objective will be less that the subjugation of the enemy. A war whose objective is of smaller scope than the total defeat of the enemy.

Answer 80

o Unconventional warfare (abbreviated UW) is the opposite of conventional warfare. Whereas conventional warfare is used to reduce the opponent's military capability, unconventional warfare is an attempt to achieve military victory through acquiescence, capitulation, or clandestine support for one side of an existing conflict. o On the surface, UW contrasts with conventional warfare in that forces or objectives are covert or not well-defined, tactics and weapons intensify environments of subversion or intimidation, and the general or long-term goals are coercive or subversive to a political body.

Answer 81

o (MAD) A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by one of two opposing sides would guarantee maximum loss of life on both sides. A theory of deterrence. The strategy is effectively a form of Nash equilibrium, in which both sides are attempting to avoid their worst possible outcome- nuclear annihilation.

Answer 82

o Unilateralism is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action. Such action may be in disregard for other parties, or as an expression of a commitment toward a direction which other parties may find agreeable. Unilateralism is a neologism which is already in common use; it was coined to be an antonym for multilateralism, which is the doctrine which asserts the benefits of participation from as many parties as possible. o The two terms together can refer to differences in foreign policy approached to international problems. When agreement by multiple parties is absolutely required—for example, in the context of international trade policies—bilateral agreements (involving two participants at a time) are usually preferred by proponents of unilateralism. o Unilateralism may be preferred in those instances when it's assumed to be the most efficient, i.e., in issues that can be solved without cooperation. However, a government may also have a principal preference for unilateralism or multilateralism, and, for instance, strive to avoid policies that cannot be realized unilaterally or alternatively to champion multilateral solutions to problems that could well have been solved unilaterally. Typically, governments may argue that their ultimate or middle-term goals are served by a strengthening of multilateral schemes and institutions, as was many times the case during the period of the Concert of Europe.

Answer 83

o In international relations, multilateralism is multiple countries working in concert on a given issue. Multilateralism was defined by Miles Kahler as “international governance of the ‘many,’” and its central principle was “opposition [of] bilateral discriminatory arrangements that were believed to enhance the leverage of the powerful over the weak and to increase international conflict.” In 1990, Robert Keohane defined multilateralism as “the practice of coordinating national policies in groups of three or more states. o Multilateralism, whether in the form of membership in an alliance or in international institutions, is necessary to bind the great power, discourage unilateralism, and give the small powers a voice and voting opportunities that they would not otherwise have. Especially, if control is sought by a small power over a great power, then the Lilliputian strategy of small countries achieving control by collectively binding the great power is likely to be most effective. Similarly, if control is sought by a great power over another great power, then multilateral controls may be most useful. The great power could seek control through bilateral ties, but this would be costly; it also would require bargaining and compromise with the other great power. Embedding the target state in a multilateral alliance reduces the costs borne by the power seeking control, but it also offers the same binding benefits of the Lilliputian strategy. Furthermore, if a small power seeks control over another small power, multilateralism may be the only choice, because small powers rarely have the resources to exert control on their own. o International organizations, such as the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization are multilateral in nature. The main proponents of multilateralism have traditionally been the middle powers such as Canada, Australia, Switzerland, the Benelux countries and the Nordic countries. Larger states often act unilaterally, while smaller ones may have little direct power in international affairs aside from participation in the United Nations (by consolidating their UN vote in a voting bloc with other nations, for example). Multilateralism may involve several nations acting together as in the UN or may involve regional or military alliances, pacts, or groupings such as NATO. As these multilateral institutions were not imposed on states but were created and accepted by them in order to increase their ability to seek their own interests through the coordination of their policies, much of these international institutions lack tools of enforcement while instead work as frameworks that constrain opportunistic behaviour and points for coordination by facilitating exchange of information about the actual behaviour of states with reference to the standards to which they have consented. o The term "regional multilateralism" has been proposed suggesting that "contemporary problems can be better solved at the regional rather than the bilateral or global levels" and that bringing together the concept of regional integration with that of multilateralism is necessary in today’s world. The converse of multilateralism is unilateralism in terms of political philosophy.

Answer 84

o The Obama Doctrine is a catch-all term frequently used to describe one or several principles of the foreign policy of U.S. President Barack Obama. It is generally agreed that there is no actual Obama Doctrine. o Unlike the Monroe Doctrine, the Obama Doctrine is not a specific foreign policy introduced by the executive, but rather a phrase used to describe Obama's general style of foreign policy. This has led journalists and political commentators to analyze what the exact tenets of an Obama Doctrine might look like. Generally speaking, it is widely, yet erroneously accepted that a central part of such a doctrine would emphasize negotiation and collaboration rather than confrontation and unilateralism in international affairs. This policy has been praised by some as a welcome change from the equally interventionist Bush Doctrine. Supporters of Obama's unilateral policies (such as targeted killings of American citizens) including former United States Ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton, have described it as overly idealistic and naïve, promoting appeasement of adversaries. Others have drawn attention to its radical departure in tone from not only the policies of the Bush administration but many former presidents as well.

Answer 85

o The "Powell Doctrine" is a journalist-created term, named after General Colin Powell in the run-up to the 1990–91 Gulf War. It is based in large part on the Weinberger Doctrine, devised by Caspar Weinberger, former Secretary of Defense and Powell's former boss. The doctrine emphasizes U.S. national security interests, overwhelming strike capabilities with an emphasis on ground forces, and widespread public support.

Answer 86

o The Reagan Doctrine was a strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States under the Reagan Administration to overwhelm the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. While the doctrine lasted less than a decade, it was the centerpiece of United States foreign policy from the early 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1991. o Under the Reagan Doctrine, the United States provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The doctrine was designed to diminish Soviet influence in these regions as part of the administration's overall Cold War strategy.

Answer 87

o The Carter Doctrine was a policy proclaimed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on January 23, 1980, which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf. o It was a response to the Soviet Union's intervention of Afghanistan in 1979, and was intended to deter the Soviet Union—the United States' Cold Waradversary—from seeking hegemony in the Gulf. o The following key sentence, which was written by Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Carter's National Security Adviser, concludes the section: • Let our position be absolutely clear: An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force. o Brzezinski modeled the wording on the Truman Doctrine, and insisted that the sentence be included in the speech "to make it very clear that the Soviets should stay away from the Persian Gulf".[2] o In The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, author Daniel Yergin notes that the Carter Doctrine "bore striking similarities" to a 1903British declaration, in which British Foreign Secretary Lord Landsdowne warned Russia and Germany that the British would "regard the establishment of a naval base or of a fortified port in the Persian Gulf by any other power as a very grave menace to British interests, and we should certainly resist it with all the means at our disposal".

Answer 88

o The term Eisenhower Doctrine refers to a speech by President Dwight David Eisenhower on 5 January 1957, within a "Special Message to the Congress on the Situation in the Middle East". Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state. Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism." o In the global political context, the Doctrine was made in response to the possibility of a generalized war, threatened as a result of the Soviet Union's attempt to use the Suez War as a pretext to enter Egypt. Coupled with the power vacuum left by the decline of British and French power in the region after the U.S. protested against the conduct of their allies during the Suez War, Eisenhower felt that a strong position needed to better the situation was further complicated by the positions taken by Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, who was rapidly building a power base and using it to play the Soviets and Americans against each other, taking a position of "positive neutrality" and accepting aid from the Soviets. o On the regional level, the intent was that the Doctrine would help to provide the independent Arab regimes with an alternative to Nasser's political control, strengthening them while isolating Communist influence through isolation of Nasser. The doctrine largely failed on that front, with Nasser's power quickly rising by 1959 to the point where he could shape the leadership outcomes in neighboring Arab countries, including Iraq and Saudi Arabia; in the meantime, Nasser's relationship with the Soviet leaders deteriorated, allowing the U.S. to switch to a policy of accommodation. o The Eisenhower Administration also saw the Middle East as being influential for future foreign policy not only regarding the United States, but also its allies. The region contains a large percentage of the world's oil supply, and it was perceived that if it were to fall to communism, the United States and its allies would suffer immense economic consequences. Eisenhower's protests against longtime allies — the United Kingdom and France — during the Suez Canal Crisis meant that the U.S. was the lone Western power in the Middle East and placed U.S. oil security in jeopardy as the USSR filled the power vacuum. The Eisenhower Doctrine was a backflip against the previous policy, however — the U.S. now had the burden of military action in the Middle East to itself. The military action provisions of the Doctrine were applied in the Lebanon Crisis the following year, when the United States intervened in response to a request by that country's then President Camille Chamoun.

Answer 89

o Enhanced interrogation techniques is a euphemism for the U.S. government's program of systematic torture of detainees by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and various components of the U.S. Armed Forces at black sites around the world, including Bagram, Guantanamo Bay, and Abu Ghraib, authorized by officials of the George W. Bush administration. Methods used included prolonged stress positions, hooding, subjection to deafening noise, sleep deprivation to the point of hallucination, deprivation of food, drink, and withholding medical care for wounds — as well as waterboarding, walling, nakedness, subjection to extreme cold, confinement in small coffin-like boxes, and repeated slapping or beating. Several detainees endured "rectal rehydration," "rectal fluid resuscitation", and "rectal feeding." In addition to brutalizing detainees, there were threats to their families such as threats to harm children, and threats to sexually abuse or to cut the throat of, detainees mothers.

Answer 90

o Transformational Diplomacy is a diplomacy initiative championed by former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice for reinvigorating American Foreign Policy and the United States Foreign Service. o As Secretary of State, Rice championed the expansion of democratic governments. Rice stated that the September 11, 2001 attacks were rooted in “oppression and despair” and so, the U.S. must advance democratic reform and support basic rights throughout the greater Middle East. Rice has also reformed and restructured the department, as well as U.S. diplomacy as a whole. "Transformational Diplomacy" is the goal which Rice describes as "work[ing] with our many partners around the world… [and] build[ing] and sustain[ing] democratic, well-governed states that will respond to the needs of their people and conduct themselves responsibly in the international system."

Answer 91

o The Iran–Contra affair (Persian: ایران-کنترا‎, Spanish: caso Irán-Contra), also referred to as Irangate, Contragate or the Iran–Contra scandal, was a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan Administration. Senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo. They hoped that the arms sales would secure the release of several US hostages and use the money to fund the Contras in Nicaragua. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress. o The scandal began as an operation to free the seven American hostages being held in Lebanon by a group with Iranian ties connected to the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution. It was planned that Israel would ship weapons to Iran, and then the United States would resupply Israel and receive the Israeli payment. The Iranian recipients promised to do everything in their power to achieve the release of the U.S. hostages. The plan deteriorated into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in which members of the executive branch sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of the American hostages. Large modifications to the plan were devised by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council in late 1985, in which a portion of the proceeds from the weapon sales was diverted to fund anti-Sandinista and anti-communist rebels, or Contras, in Nicaragua. o While President Ronald Reagan was a supporter of the Contra cause, the evidence is disputed as to whether he authorized the diversion of the money raised by the Iranian arms sales to the Contras. Handwritten notes taken by Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger on December 7, 1985, indicate that Reagan was aware of potential hostage transfers with Iran, as well as the sale of Hawkand TOW missiles to "moderate elements" within that country. Weinberger wrote that Reagan said "he could answer to charges of illegality but couldn't answer to the charge that 'big strong President Reagan passed up a chance to free the hostages'". After the weapon sales were revealed in November 1986, Reagan appeared on national television and stated that the weapons transfers had indeed occurred, but that the United States did not trade arms for hostages. The investigation was impeded when large volumes of documents relating to the scandal were destroyed or withheld from investigators by Reagan administration officials. On March 4, 1987, Reagan returned to the airwaves in a nationally televised address, taking full responsibility for any actions that he was unaware of, and admitting that "what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into trading arms for hostages"

Answer 92

o The Tower Commission was commissioned on 26 November 1986 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in response to the Iran Contra scandal. Reagan appointed Republican and former Senator John Tower of Texas, former Secretary of State Edmund Muskie, and former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft. o The Commission's report, published on 26 February 1987, concluded that CIA Director William Casey, who supported the Iran-Contra arrangement, should have taken over the operation and made the President aware of the risks and notified Congress as legally required.[3] The Commission's work was continued by the Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair, which were formed in January 1987 and published a report in November 1987; and by Independent Counsel Lawrence Walsh, appointed 1 December 1986 and publishing a final report in 1993.

Answer 93

o The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002, "to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11 attacks", including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks. o The commission was also mandated to provide recommendations designed to guard against future attacks. o Chaired by former New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, the commission consisted of five Democrats and five Republicans. The commission was created by Congressional legislation, with the bill signed into law by President George W. Bush. o The commission's final report was lengthy and based on extensive interviews and testimony. Its primary conclusion was that the failures of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation permitted the terrorist attacks to occur and that had these agencies acted more wisely and more aggressively, the attacks could potentially have been prevented. o After the publication of its final report, the commission closed on August 21, 2004.

Answer 94

o The U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21), also known as the Hart-Rudman Commission or Hart-Rudman Task Force on Homeland Security, was chartered by Secretary of Defense William Cohen in 1998 to provide a comprehensive review of US national security requirements in the 21st century. USCNS/21 was tasked "to analyze the emerging international security environment; to develop a US national security strategy appropriate to that environment; and to assess the various security institutions for their current relevance to the effective and efficient implementation of that strategy, and to recommend adjustments as necessary". o Released on 31 January 2001, USCNS/21 was the most exhaustive review of US national security strategy since the National Security Act of 1947. USCNS/21 was released in three distinct phases. The first phase, New World Coming: American Security in the 21st Century (see further below), anticipates the emerging international security environment within the first quarter of the 21st century and examines how the US fits into that environment. The second phase, Seeking a National Strategy: A Concert for Preserving Security and Promoting Freedom (see further below), proposes a new US national security strategy based on the anticipated threats and conditions outlined in the first phase report. The third phase, Roadmap for National Security: Imperative for Change (see further below), recommends changes to the US government's structure, legislation, and policy to reflect a new national security strategy based on the anticipated 21st century international security environment.

Answer 95

o (COIN) is a military term for combat operations against an insurrection by forces aligned with the standing government. The principal objective of COIN operations is to isolate the insurrectionists from the population, thereby depriving them of the support and cover they need to operate. It involves a multiplicity of “hearts and minds” operations including aid of various sorts, information, and counter-propaganda. The British counterinsurgency campaign in Malaysia from 1948-1960 is a successful example, but thus far America is unsuccessful at COIN.

Answer 96

o Counter-terrorism (also called anti-terrorism) incorporates the practice, military tactics, techniques, and strategy that government, military,police and business organizations use to combat or prevent terrorism. o If terrorism is part of a broader insurgency, counter-terrorism may employ counter-insurgency measures. The United States Armed Forces use the term foreign internal defense for programs that support other nations in attempts to suppress insurgency, lawlessness, or subversion or to reduce the conditions under which these threats to security may develop.

Answer 97

o Counterproliferation refers to diplomatic, intelligence, and military efforts to combat the proliferation of weapons, including both weapons of mass destruction (WMD), long-range missiles, and certain conventional weapons. Nonproliferation and arms control are related terms. In contrast to nonproliferation, which focuses on diplomatic, legal and administrative measures to dissuade and impede the acquisition of such weapons, counter-proliferation focuses on intelligence, law enforcement, and sometimes military action to prevent their acquisition.

Answer 98

o Nation-building is constructing or structuring a national identity using the power of the state. It is thus narrower than what Paul James calls "nation formation", the broad process through which nations come into being. Nation-building aims at the unification of the people within the state so that it remains politically stable and viable in the long run. According to Harris Mylonas, "Legitimate authority in modern national states is connected to popular rule, to majorities. Nation—building is the process through which these majorities are constructed." o Nation builders are those members of a state who take the initiative to develop the national community through government programs, including military conscription and national content mass schooling. Nation-building can involve the use of propaganda or major infrastructure development to foster social harmony and economic growth.

Answer 99

o Created the National Security Council

Answer 100

o Started by Obama in 2009

Answer 101

``` o Truman o Eisenhower o Kennedy o Johnson o Nixon o Ford o Carter o Reagan o Bush 41 o Clinton o Bush 43 o Obama ```

Answer 102

``` • James Forrestal • Louis Johnson • George Marshall • Robert Lovett • Charles Wilson • Neil McElroy • Thomas Gates Jr. • Robert McNamara • Mark Clifford • Melvin Laird • Elliot Richardson • William Clements • James Schlesinger • Donald Rumsfeld • Harold Brown • Casper Weinberger • Frank Carlucci • William Howard Taft IV • Richard Cheney • Leslie Aspin • William Perry • William Cohen • Donald Rumsfeld • Robert Gates • Leon Panetta • Chuck Hagel Ashton Carter ```

Answer 103

* George Marshall * Dean Acheson * Harrison Matthews * John Foster Dulles * Christian Herter * Livingston Merchant * Dean Rusk * Charles Bohlen * William Rogers * Kenneth Rush * Henry Kissinger * Philip Habib * Cyrus Vance * Edmund Muskie * Alexander Haig * Walter Stoessel * George Shultz * Michael Armacost * James Baker * Lawrence Eagleburger * Arnold Kanter * Frank Wisner * Warren Christopher * Madeleine Albright * Colin Powell * Condoleezza Rice * William Burns * Hillary Clinton * John Kerry

Answer 104

``` o CIA: • LTG Hoyt Vandenberg • RADM Roscoe Hillenkeoetter • GEN Walter Smith • Allen Dulles • John McCone • VADM William Raborn • Richard Helms • James Schlesinger • William Colby • George H.W. Bush • ADM Stansfield M. Turner • William Casey • William Webster • Robert Gates • R. James Woolsey • John Deutch • George Tenet • Porter Goss • Gen. Michael Hayden • Leon Panetta • David Patraeus • John Brennan o DNI: • John Negroponte • VADM John McConnell • ADM Dennis Blair • David Gompert • Lt. Gen. James Clapper ```

Answer 105

o The Clash of Civilizations (COC) is a theory that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. It was proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington. • As an extension, he posits that the concept of different civilizations, as the highest rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. o The End of History and the Last Man is a 1992 book by Francis Fukuyama, expanding on his 1989 essay "The End of History?" published in the international affairs journal The National Interest. In the book, Fukuyama argues that the advent of Western liberal democracy may signal the endpoint of humanity's sociocultural evolution and the final form of human government. • “What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.”

Answer 106

o The War on Terror (WoT), also known as the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), refers to the international military campaign that started after the September 11 attacks on the United States. o U.S. President George W. Bush first used the term "War on Terror" on 20 September 2001. The Bush administration and the western media have since used the term to argue a global military, political, legal, and conceptual struggle against both organizations designated terrorist and regimes accused of supporting them. It was originally used with a particular focus on Muslim countries associated with Islamic terrorism organizations including al-Qaeda and like-minded organizations. o In 2013, President Barack Obama announced that the United States was no longer pursuing a War on Terror, as the military focus should be on specific enemies rather than a tactic. He stated, "We must define our effort not as a boundless 'Global War on Terror', but rather as a series of persistent, targeted efforts to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America."

Answer 107

o The War of Ideas is a clash of opposing ideals, ideologies, or concepts through which nations or groups use strategic influence to promote their interests abroad. The “battle space” of this conflict is the target population’s "hearts and minds", while the “weapons” can include, inter alia, think tanks, TV programs, newspaper articles, the internet, blogs, official government policy papers, traditional as well as public diplomacy, or radio broadcasts.

Answer 108

o Project Solarium was an American national-level exercise in strategy and foreign policy design convened by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in the summer of 1953. It was intended to produce consensus among senior officials in the national security community on the most effective strategy for responding to Soviet expansionism in the wake of World War II. The exercise was the product of a series of conversations between President Eisenhower and senior cabinet-level officials, former Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and George F. Kennan among them,[1] in the Solarium room on the top floor of the White House. Through these conversations, Eisenhower not only realized that strategic guidance set forth in NSC 68 under the Truman administration was not sufficient to address the breadth of issues with which his administration was presented, but also that his own cabinet was divided enough on the correct course of action vis-a-vis the Soviet Union that United States' policy on dealing with the Soviet Union was at risk of becoming subject to internal political posturing to the detriment of US national security. o Project Solarium is significant in that its findings produced NSC 162/2, a national strategy directive commonly assessed to have guided US strategy from its publication to the end of the Cold War.

Answer 109

o The United States National Security Council document NSC 162/2 of 30 October 1953 defined Cold War policy during the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration – the New Look national security policy. NSC 162/2 stated that the United States needs to maintain "a strong military posture, with emphasis on the capability of inflicting massive retaliatory damage by offensive striking power", and that the United States "will consider nuclear weapons as available for use as other munitions." o His statement was generally interpreted to mean that, if the Soviet Union or Communist China were to attack any country of the 'Free World', the United States would strike back with nuclear weapons - not necessarily in the theatre of war, but possibly in the Russian or Chinese heartlands. Such interpretations were subsequently strengthened, for example in an article by Vice President Richard Nixon in The New York Times on 14 March 1954: "Rather than let the Communists nibble us to death all over the world in little wars, we would rely in the future primarily on our massive mobile retaliatory power which we could use in our discretion against the major source of aggression at times and places that we choose." • President’s Daily Brief (PDB) o The President's Daily Brief (PDB), sometimes referred to as the President's Daily Briefing or the President's Daily Bulletin, is a Top Secret document produced each morning for the President of the United States. Producing and presenting the brief is the responsibility of the Director of National Intelligence, whose office is tasked with fusing intelligence from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the National Security Agency (NSA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) and other members of the U.S. Intelligence Community.

Answer 110

o The Terrorist Surveillance Program was an electronic surveillance program implemented by the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States in the wake of the September 11, 2001, attacks. It was part of the President's Surveillance Program, which was in turn conducted under the overall umbrella of the War on Terrorism. The NSA, a signals intelligence agency, implemented the program to intercept al Qaeda communications overseas where at least one party is not a U.S. person. In 2005 The New York Times disclosed that technical glitches resulted in some of the intercepts including communications which were "purely domestic" in nature, igniting the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy. Later works, such as James Bamford's The Shadow Factory, describe how the nature of the domestic surveillance was much, much more widespread than initially disclosed. In a 2011 New Yorker article, former NSA employee Bill Binney said that his colleagues told him that the NSA had begun storing billing and phone records from "everyone in the country."

Answer 111

The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC, also called the FISA Court) is a U.S. federal court established and authorized under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) to oversee requests for surveillance warrants against foreign spies inside the United States by federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Such requests are made most often by the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Congress created FISA and its court as a result of the recommendations by the U.S. Senate's Church Committee. Its powers have evolved and expanded to the point that it has been called "almost a parallel Supreme Court."

Answer 112

o Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is a computer professional, former CIA employee, and former government contractor who copied classified information from the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and United Kingdom Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) for public disclosure in 2013. The information revealed numerous global surveillance programs, many run by the NSA and Five Eyes with the cooperation of telecommunication companies and European governments. o On May 20, 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong after leaving his job at an NSA facility in Hawaii and in early June he gave thousands of classified NSA and GCHQ documents to journalists Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras and Ewen MacAskill. Snowden came to international attention after stories based on the material appeared in The Guardian and The Washington Post. Further disclosures were made by other newspapers including Der Spiegel and The New York Times. On June 21, 2013, the U.S. Department of Justice unsealed charges against Snowden of two counts of violating the Espionage Act and theft of government property. On June 23, he flew to Moscow, Russia, where he reportedly remained for over a month. Later that summer, Russian authorities granted him a one-year temporary asylum which was later extended to three years. As of 2015, he was still living in an undisclosed location in Russia while seeking asylum elsewhere.

Answer 113

o The military–industrial complex, or military–industrial–congressional complex, comprises the policy and monetary relationships which exist between legislators, national armed forces, and the arms industry that supports them. These relationships include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry. It is a type of iron triangle. The term is most often used in reference to the system behind the military of the United States, where it gained popularity after its use in the farewell address of President Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 17, 1961, though the term is applicable to any country with a similarly developed infrastructure. In 2011, the United States spent more on its military than the next 13 nations combined.

Answer 114

A presidential finding is an executive directive issued by the head of the executive branch of a government, similar to the more well-known executive order. The term is mostly used by the United States Government, and in other countries may be identified by different terms. Such findings and other executive decrees are usually protocols which have evolved through the course of government and not typically established by law.

Answer 115

o Robert James Woolsey, Jr. (born September 21, 1941) is a national security and energy specialist and former Director of Central Intelligence who headed the Central Intelligence Agency from February 5, 1993 until January 10, 1995. A lawyer by training and trade, he held a variety of government positions in the 1970s and 1980s, including as Under Secretary of the Navy from 1977 to 1979, and was involved in treaty negotiations with the Soviet Union for five years in the 1980s. His career also included time as a professional lawyer, venture capitalist and investor in the private sector.

Answer 116

o The National Security Resources Board was an agency created by the National Security Act of 1947 whose purpose was to advise the President, in times of war, on how to mobilize natural resources, manpower, and the scientific establishment to meet the demands of the Department of Defense. o Ultimately, the goal was to do long-range and continuous planning to prepare the United States for adequate industrial and economic mobilization. The board was originally very ineffective, perhaps because authority was shared by all eight members of the board rather than any single point person. In 1949, this was changed on the recommendation of the Hoover Commission. All power was vested in the chairman alone, and the Board was moved to be part of the Department of Defense. Later, it was shifted to the Executive Office of the President. Its role was later eliminated when its responsibilities were transferred to the Office of Defense Mobilization in June 1953.

Answer 117

o The National Security Resources Board was an agency created by the National Security Act of 1947 whose purpose was to advise the President, in times of war, on how to mobilize natural resources, manpower, and the scientific establishment to meet the demands of the Department of Defense. o Ultimately, the goal was to do long-range and continuous planning to prepare the United States for adequate industrial and economic mobilization. The board was originally very ineffective, perhaps because authority was shared by all eight members of the board rather than any single point person. In 1949, this was changed on the recommendation of the Hoover Commission. All power was vested in the chairman alone, and the Board was moved to be part of the Department of Defense. Later, it was shifted to the Executive Office of the President. Its role was later eliminated when its responsibilities were transferred to the Office of Defense Mobilization in June 1953.

Answer 118

o From notes: creates Congress • Importance is that Congress has authorization and appropriate powers o is a state in which the head of state and other officials are representatives of the people. They must govern to existing constitution. o In a constitutional republic, executive, legislative, and judicial powers can be separated into distinct branches.[1] o That a constitution exists that limits the government's power makes the state constitutional. That people can choose by election the head(s) of state and other officials (rather than those officials inheriting their positions) to represent them and make the laws makes the state a republic. The United States of America is a Constitutional Republic.

Answer 119

Political scientist Huntington was the one who coined this term- what would happen after the end of the Cold War ended, all individual civilizations would class and the result would be verbal disagreement and then eventually physical violence

Answer 120

Political scientist Fukuyama (student of Huntington)- democracy and free markets had proved victorious over all other systems, all counter cultures have been defeated by Liberal Democracy, this was the final ends for all other systems there would not be anymore after this

Answer 121

Eisenhower Administration, exercise in strategy and foreign policy design; responding to Soviet expansionism; Eisenhower and senior cabinet member's conversations took place in the Solarium room; conversations were focused on deciding on a correct course of action vis-a-vis the current Soviet Union problems

Answer 122

Condoleezza Rice; to work with the partners of the U.S. to “build and sustain democratic, well governed, states that will respond to the needs of their people and conduct themselves responsibly in the international system

Answer 123

Reagan administration; covert operations by the government to sell arms to Iran and create an agreement to get U.S. hostages back; help fund the Nicaraguan contra; the sale of arms to Iran seemed to provide a means for two things 1. Get hostages back from Lebanon 2. A strategic opening to Iran

Answer 124

Reagan administration; Senator John Tower; commissioned in response to the Iran-Contra scandal; it stated that the CIA should have let Congress know what was going on; review of overall NSC operations also; placed the responsibility for the NSC advisory system squarely on the shoulders of the president

Answer 125

it is a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding 9/11, including the preparedness for and the response to the attacks; provides recommendations to guard against future attacks

Answer 126

made during the Clinton admin.; a commission on international security for the 21st century; analyzes the emerging international security environment; a report to develop a new national security strategy for the coming years

Answer 127

(COIN) is a military term for combat operations against an insurrection by forces aligned with the standing government. The principal objective of COIN operations is to isolate the insurrectionists from the population, thereby depriving them of the support and cover they need to operate. It involves a multiplicity of "hearts and minds" operations including aid of various sorts, information, and counter-propaganda. The British counterinsurgency campaign is Malaysia from 1948-1960 is a successful example.

Answer 128

action intended to prevent or stop spread in the possession of nuclear weapons

Answer 129

the practice, military tactics, techniques, and strategy that governments use to combat or prevent terrorism

Answer 130

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court; authorized under the Foreign Surveillance Act 1978; oversees requests for surveillance warrants and helps to establish new rules for domestic foreign surveillance

Answer 131

the policy and monetary relationship which exists between legislators, national armed forces, and the arms industry that supports them; the relationship between them can produce positive benefits for both sides for example the war planners receive the necessary tools for waging war while the defense companies become the recipients of multi-million dollar deals

Answer 132

Bush administration; electronic surveillance on communications between suspected terrorists; enacted by the NSC

Answer 133

created by the National Security Act of 1947; advises the president in times of war on how to mobilize natural resources and manpower to meet the needs of the defense department; long-range continuous planning; in 1953 it was moved under the Office of Defense Mobilization

Answer 134

1957; a country could now request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. forces if threatened by armed aggression by another state; Eisenhower was signaling out the Soviet Union

Answer 135

foreign policy doctrine; U.S. statecraft places severe constrain on when to go to war; when we do decide to go to war we must use overwhelming force to get the job done; must have clearly defined exit strategy; must have realistic and achievable objectives

Answer 136

former Director of Central Intelligence; hawkish foreign policy views, but liberal on economic and social issues

Answer 137

1980; any attempt by an outside nation to gain control of the Persian Gulf will be regarded as an assault on U.S. interests and will be repelled by any means necessary; specifically talking about the Soviets

Answer 138

a clash of ideals or ideologies through which a group will use influence to promote their interests abroad; the target is the hearts and minds of others; and the weapons are the media, internet, radio, newspapers, ect.

Answer 139

international military campaign started after 9/11

Answer 140

1985; foreign policy; support for “freedom fighters”; plan to nourish and defend freedom and democracy

Answer 141

executive directive issued by the president; establishes the power of the president to execute/allow covert activities; The Hughes-Ryan Act of 1974 passed by Congress was created to bring accountability to the hidden side of covert actions, therefore after this all paramilitary operations would require formal written approval from the president in the “Presidential Finding” document

Answer 142

constructing a national identity using the power of the states; it is where failed states or weak states are given assistance in the development of government infrastructure, civil society, and economic assistance to increase stability

Answer 143

systematic torture of detainees authorized by the Bush administration

Answer 144

foreign policy; negotiation and collaboration; U.S. force should ne constrained and reduced

Answer 145

MAD; a doctrine of military strategy where a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by both sides would be the worst possible outcome; a theory of deterrence

Answer 146

a tendency of nations to act on their own, or only with limited consultation and involvement with other nations

Answer 147

where multiple countries work together on a collective issue (example- United Nations)

Answer 148

“guerrilla warfare”; irregular warfare where a small group of combatants use military tactics including: ambushes and sabotage; used to fight against traditional tactics

Answer 149

a war fought for limited objectives; a war whose objective is of smaller scope than total defeat of the enemy

Answer 150

Hoover; Roosevelt; Truman; Eisenhower; Kennedy; Johnson; Nixon; Ford; Carter; Reagan; Bush; Clinton; Bush; Obama

Answer 151

Eisenhower administration; Cold War Policy; if the communists (Soviets or China) were to keep spreading dominance, the U.S. would use nuclear power to strike back

Answer 152

the directives that are used to promulgate Presidential decisions on national security matters; first created and used by G.W. Bush

Answer 153

organization of the national security council system; establishes any restructuring; outlines member’s roles and responsibilities; organizes committees

Answer 154

CIA computer professional and government contractor; leaked classified information to U.S. journalists about the government

Answer 155

Top-secret document presented to the president each morning; it is produced by the Director of National Intelligence

Answer 156

* Changes historically due to changes in threats, there is no standard definition * Trying to preserve this constitutional republic/our form of gov.

Answer 157

* Doesn’t exist anymore, Eisenhower admin | * The left side of the hill to get people to more rigidly think about coordinated planning

Answer 158

• Thought Eisenhower’s process was to rigid, so he disbanded the Operation Coordination Board

Answer 159

• Nixon/Kissinger, while they were pursuing Détente with the Soviet Union, they also pursued friendship with China to level things out, keeping the lid on

Answer 160

* We took on a lot more problems; bringing in Estonia, Balkan states, etc. to NATO is complicated; more ownership, more agreement, but additional burdens * Some administrations are forward leaning, bigger thinking

Answer 161

* Codename for start of Gulf War (1990-91) * Operations leading to the US buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia * Ordered by Bush I (early Aug 1990) because of Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait

Answer 162

* Combat phase of Gulf War (early 1991) * After Iraq didn’t obey the UN’s order to evacuate Kuwait, US forces started bombing on Jan 17, 1991 * Coalition of 34 nations joined in the fight against Iraq

Answer 163

* Official name used by the US gov for the Global War on Terrorism * Had several subordinate operations→ Afghanistan, Philippines, Horn of Africa, Kyrgyzstan, Central America and the Caribbean, Trans Sahara, etc. * Oct 2001- Dec 2014 * In Afghanistan, started aerial bombing the Taliban and al-Qaeda on Oct 7, 2001

Answer 164

* AKA the Iraq War * March 19, 2003, Bush II announced that this operation had begun; lasted until Sept 2010, when it was renamed to Operation New Dawn to reflect the reduced role of US troops * To rid Iraq of tyrannical dictator Hussein and eliminate his ability to develop WMDs * Demonstration of the administration’s pledge to use unilateral, pre-emptive strikes if necessary against nations believed dangerous to American national security; Bush plead to the UN that Iraq was an imminent threat with WMDs, but the UN didn’t find WMDs so approve of the occupation until months later

Answer 165

* Armed Forces operation ordered by US President Jimmy Carter to attempt to end the Iran hostage crisis by rescuing 52 diplomats held captive at the embassy of the United States, Tehran on April 24, 1980 * Humiliating failure; failed because of faulty helicopters * Carter blamed his loss of the 1980 election on this failed mission

Answer 166

* Military operations initiated by US, UK, and other allies during Gulf War (April 1991); mostly British operation * To defend Kurds fleeing their homes in northern Iraq in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War and deliver humanitarian aid/relief to them

Answer 167

* US invasion of Panama, Dec 20, 1989-Jan 1990 * US broke both international law and its own government policies by invading Panama in order to bring its President Manuel Noriega to justice; he surrendered Jan 3, 1990 & was tried in the US * Bush II’s justification for invading: * Safeguarding 35,000 US citizens in Panama who Noriega threatened * Defending democracy & human rights * Combat drug trafficking * Protecting the integrity of the Torrijos–Carter Treaties; congress claimed Noriega threatened the neutrality of the Panama Canal

Answer 168

* US and partner nations military intervention against ISIL including the campaigns in Iraq (June 15, 2014-present) & Syria (Sept 22, 2014-present) * Effective Sept 22, 2015, III Corps is responsible for Combined Joint Task Force- Operation Inherent Resolve

Answer 169

* Bush II was the architect; announced in 2nd inaugural address * Policy to improve the long-term stability of Arab states and reduce the appeal of extremist ideology by advancing democratic transformation in the region * Represented a major shift in strategy toward the Middle East * Elections in Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon and the Palestinian territories in 2005 and 2006 brought success to groups with radical and—in some cases—anti-American views, evoking responses from the U.S. government that called America's commitment to democratization into question

Answer 170

• Reagan admin's policy toward the Soviet Union; the last great strategy we've had

Answer 171

* Coordinating policy council at the top of the Policy Hill; can’t execute power; no authority over the lower groups * Was established because the republican congress felt the need for a formal advisory board * Council codified new authorities for positions that already existed; same senior officials that dealt with national security already * Came about through the National Security Act, which came about because of pressures to reorganize the national security system post-WWII

Answer 172

• National Economic Council, established Jan 25, 1993 by an Executive Order from Pres Clinton

Answer 173

* Homeland Security Council, established Oct 29, 2001 by an Executive Order from Bush II * Successor to the Office of Homeland Security that was established only one month before * In 2009, Obama merged HSC with the NSC Staff and made them the NSS, then renamed them the NSC Staff in 2014

Answer 174

• Office of the Vice President

Answer 175

* Office of Management and Budget; largest office in EOP; reorganized by Nixon * Main function is to produce the president’s budget * Also measures the quality of agency programs, policies, and procedures and to see if they comply with the president's policies

Answer 176

* Office of Science and Technology Policy; dept. of the gov, part of the EOP * Established by congress in 1976 with the broad mandate to advise the president on the effects of science & technology on domestic & international affairs; leads an inter-agency effort to develop/implement relevant policies & budgets; builds partnerships among govs; works with private sector to ensure federal investments contribute to the economy, environment, and security * Current initiatives: STEM education, climate change, open data/science/gov

Answer 177

* Office of National Drug Control Policy; established in 1989 by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 to eradicate illicit drug use, manufacturing, trafficking, crime and violence, and health consequences * Initiatives: drugged driving, prescription drugs and heroin, community-based drug prevention, national opioid epidemic * Director overseas international and domestic anti-drug efforts of executive branches

Answer 178

* Reagan admin's guidelines on what the IC could and couldn't do (1981); most important policy toward IC aside from a law * Extended powers & responsibilities of US intel agencies and direct the leaders of US fed agencies to cooperate fully with the CIA * In 2004, Bush II issued another EO to strengthen the role of the DNI

Answer 179

* Governs domestic security * 5 chapters: Homeland Security Organization & US Department of Homeland Security, National Emergency Management, Security & Accountability for every port, Transportation Security, Border Infrastructure & Technology Modernization

Answer 180

* Governs DoD/military; outlines the role of the armed forces; provides the legal bases for the roles, missions, & organizations of each of the services as well as the DoD * 5 subtitles: General Military Law including Uniform Code of Military Justice, Army, Navy & Marine Corps, Air Force, Reserve Components

Answer 181

* Criminal & penal code; deals with federal crimes and criminal procedure * Part I: Aircraft & Motor Vehicles; Animals, Birds, Fish, & Plants; Arson; Assault; Bankruptcy; Biological Weapons; etc. * Part II, Criminal Procedure; Part III, Prisons & Prisoners; Part IV, Correction of Youthful Offenders; Part V, Immunity of Witnesses

Answer 182

* Outlines the role of foreign relations and intercourse * ~86 chapters: North Korean Human Rights, Millennium Challenge, Trafficking Victims Protection, Afghanistan Freedom, International Religious Freedom, etc.

Answer 183

* Outlines the role of war & national defense * ~43 chapters: Central Intelligence Agency Retirement & Disability, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance, Insurrection, National Security, Aircraft, Helium Gas, Internal Security, Gifts for Defense Purposes, National Defense Contracts, etc. * Holds specific rules for the CIA * If DoD uses CIA’s intel (Title 10 & Title 50 colliding), certain members of Congress must be notified

Answer 184

* Policy Coordinating Committees/Interagency Working Groups * Bush I reorganized the NSC &established 8 PCCs when in office; he restored collegial relations among dept. heads * IWG is at the bottom of the Policy Hill, right below Deputy Committees; IWGs are hard to manage because they’re so far down the Policy Hill

Answer 185

* Deputy Committees | * The number 2s, the COOs of the government, running day-to-day functions

Answer 186

* Principle Committees, next level up from DCs * Secretaries of depts. (i.e. Secretary Kerry) * Make most decisions with the VP

Answer 187

* National Security Council with the President * Where things go if the PC can’t handle it * By the time decisions make it to the NSC, they are very narrowed down and simplified; only gets the biggest, most important decisions * It’s a policy coordinating body, not an executing body, so it’s very difficult to get policies executed once they go back down the Hill

Answer 188

* Each year, the IC compiles the Worldwide Threat Assessment and it’s presented by the DNI; 2 components: intentions & capabilities of adversaries * Thorough, includes global threats (i.e. cyber, COIN, terrorism, WMDs & proliferation) and regional threats (i.e. MENA, Europe, Russia & Eurasia, East Asia); however, no risk assessment included, does not address US vulnerabilities to these risks

Answer 189

* No one compiles a risk assessment for the regional and global threats * Worldwide Threat Assessment doesn’t tell us why we should worry about various threats; where are we vulnerable? How do we manage these consequences to vulnerabilities? * Countering capabilities

Answer 190

* What are the objectives? what are the capabilities available to achieve those objectives? what are the costs incurred in pursuing those objectives? What are the assumptions one is making? The context of the environment which a strategy is presented? Ex: Decision to go to war against Iraq in 2003: Rumsfeld looking at it like we much destroy Saddam lethally with shock, not worried about post conflict reconstruction, huge assumption that Iraq would be able to come back after the war, thought it would only cost 1 billion, we’re past 1 trillion now, Wolfowitz wanted to present the strategy right after 9/11 (context) * Strategy puts meat to a policy

Answer 191

* What are the signals that you look for to tell you that things are getting better or worse? This is harder in today’s environment because there are so many possible indicators; during Soviet era, you could look at their tactics, missiles, etc. and tell if their getting better or worse * This is all part of crisis management, you want to look at indicators and do your thinking beforehand

Answer 192

* Things/days that happen right before the boom * What are the contingency plans? * By focusing on “left of boom,” we have the opportunity to prevent, detect, and deter crises; requires accurate, timely, & useful intelligence to understand our vulnerabilities

Answer 193

• Preparing for events that we are vulnerable to; risk management, needs good risk assessments

Answer 194

* Senate Armed Services Committee * Legislative oversight of the military, including DoD, research & development, nuclear energy, personnel benefits, Selective Service System * Created in 1946 following WWII; merged responsibilities of Naval Affairs & Military Affairs * Reported the National Security Act in 1947 * Often more bipartisan than other committees

Answer 195

* Responsible for funding & oversight of the DoD & the Armed Forces, as well as substantial portions of the DoE * Created with the SASC

Answer 196

* Senate Select Committee on Intelligence * Oversees IC budget & prepares legislation for appropriations; makes recommendations to the SASC on authorizations for intel related components; can audit/investigate IC activities & programs * Established in 1976 * “Select” means that membership is temporary and rotated * Includes members from Appropriations, Foreign Relations, Judiciary, & Armed Services Committees

Answer 197

* House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence * Oversees IC * Both HPSCI & SSCI are permanent

Answer 198

* Senate Foreign Relations Committee * Responsible for overseeing (not administering) & funding foreign aid programs, funding arms sales, & training for national allies; also responsible for holding confirmation hearings for high level State Dept. officials and diplomatic nominations * Reported the Purchase of Alaska 1867 & the establishment of the UN 1945

Answer 199

• House Committee on Foreign Affairs • Considers legislation that impacts the diplomatic community, including State Dept., USAID, Peace Corps, UN, & the enforcement of the Arms Export Control Act Several subcommittees: Asia and the Pacific; Terrorism, Nonproliferation, & Trade; Western Hemisphere; etc.

Answer 200

* Senate/House Appropriations Committee—Defense subcommittee | * They have joint jurisdiction over the DoD’s budget

Answer 201

* Function 150: the international affairs account which includes money allocated for non-defense, aid for developing nations, & consequently where a significant amount of global poverty and hunger funding falls * Also includes $ for operation of US consulates and embassies, military assistance for allies, economic assistance to be disbursed to new democracies, promotion of US exports, payments to international orgs, and international peacekeeping efforts * Primarily provides for State Dept., Agriculture, & Treasury, as well as USAID & Millennium Challenge Corporation * 1% of the entire federal budget

Answer 202

* Coalition of 17 gov. agencies within the executive branch that work separately & together to conduct intelligence activities for foreign relations and national security * Forged by ODNI

Answer 203

* 2 components: intentions and capabilities of adversaries * Doesn't tell us why we should worry about the various threats. It is not a risk assessment. * Where are we vulnerable to the threat? And how do we manage these consequences to the vulnerabilities? * (*See Threat Assessment)

Answer 204

• An attempt of the newly elected Obama admin. To improve relations bw US and Russia • Symbolic: 2009, Hillary Clinton expressed to the Russian Foreign Minister that we wanted a new era of better ties • Substantive: 2009, Russia agreed to let US supplies pass thru their airspace to Afghanistan; Obama dropped Bush’s plan for a missile defense shield in Eastern Europe; 2010, US & Russia agreed to reduce their nuclear arsenals & imposed sanctions against Iran; Obama cancelled sanctions against the Russian state arms export agency • 2014, this policy was considered a failure; Russia annexed Crimea, there was pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, and Russia’s lack of cooperation with the US in Syria We again imposed sanctions, & Russian PM Medvedev said that a reset of relations with US would now be impossible

Answer 205

* US military & diplomatic “rebalance” toward Asia; nearly half of the world resides in the Asia-Pacific, so its development is vital to American economic & strategic interests * Also, defending the freedom of navigation in the South China Sea & ensuring transparency in military activities of the region’s key players

Answer 206

* 1948-49, one of the first major international crises of the Cold War * The Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies’ railway, road, & canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control * In response, the allied forces (US, British, Canada, Australia, NZ, South Africa) organized the Berlin airlift, which carried supplies to the people of West Berlin; flew over 200,000 flights in one year; by Spring of 1949, airlift was clearly succeeding, so USSR lifted the blockade * Highlighted the competing ideological & economic visions for postwar Europe

Answer 207

* Peace around the world through integration of friends and allies; used to prevent or stop wars * Both the League of Nations and the UN were founded on this principle * An aggressor against any one state is considered an aggressor against all other states

Answer 208

* In response, Kennedy created a supranational security council—ExCom; he wanted to tap into the expertise wherever it resided so he could manage the crisis best; it was like a “mini NSC” just for the Crisis * October 1962, 13 day confrontation bw the US & USSR over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba; after photographic evidence was produced, the US established a military blockade to prevent further missiles from coming into Cuba; eventually, they came to an agreement; publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union, subject to United Nations verification, in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement never to invade Cuba without direct provocation. Secretly, the US also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S.-built medium range missiles, which were deployed in Turkey and Italy against the Soviet Union but were not known to the public * The closest the CW came to escalating into a nuclear war; in response, a US-Soviet hotline was established for a direct line of communication

Answer 209

* 1991, Unrest due to rebel groups overthrowing dictator Barre in Somalia led to a humanitarian crisis * UN attempted to help, & the US provided food through Operation Provide Comfort in 1992 * December 1992, Bush I initiated Operation Restore Hope; dispatched US troops to assist with famine relief to contribute to the UN effort (UNOSOM); by 1993 (UNISOM II), UN (& US) were being directly challenged by warlords * Warlords shot down 2 Black Hawk helicopters killing 18 US soldiers and hundreds of Somalis; Clinton pulled US troops out of combat 4 days later, and pulled them out entirely in 1994 * This perceived weakness encouraged Bin Laden

Answer 210

* 1972, Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, bw the US * USSR on the limitation of the ABM systems used in defending areas against ballistic missile-delivered nuclear weapons; lasted for 30 yrs * December 2001, Bush II notified Russia that we were withdrawing; this led to the eventual creation of the American Missile Defense Agency

Answer 211

* The Joint Communique of the USA & The PRC * Important diplomatic document issued by the US & PRC in 1972 during President Nixon’s visit to China; it pledged that it was in the best interest of all nations for the US & PRC to work towards normalization of relations, although this didn’t occur until the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations 7 yrs later * Also agrred that no one should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific Region * Us acknowledged the One-China Policy & agreed to pull back military installations in Taiwan * This “constructive ambiguity” (Kissinger) would continue to hinder efforts for complete normalization

Answer 212

* March 23, 1983, Russia is an evil empire so there’s not much to negotiate, he doesn’t want to worry about capabilities as much as our vulnerabilities, wanted to match and exceed their capabilities, we shouldn’t be held hostage to the Soviet Union, We are vulnerable to their ballistic missiles, so let’s create a shield * Soviets preach the supremacy of the State, declare its omnipotence over individual man, and predict its eventual domination of all peoples on the earth, they are the focus of evil in the modern world * Reagan made the case for deploying NATO nuclear-armed missiles in Western Europe as a response to the Soviets installing new nuclear armed missiles in Eastern Europe

Answer 213

* Bush II used this term in his 2002 State of the Union Address, used to describe govs. that he accused of helping terrorism & seeking WMDs * Included Iran, Iraq, & N Korea * Months later, Sec of State Bolton gave a speech titled “Beyond the Axis of Evil,” where he added 3 more nations to the group of rogue statesL Cuba, Libya, & Syria

Answer 214

• Delivered June 4, 2009 in Cairo, Egypt; also called “A New Beginning” speech • Honored Obama’s promise to give a major address to Muslims from a Muslim capital during his first few months as president Called for improved mutual understanding & relations bw the Islamic world & the west, also notably called for peace bw Israel & Palestine, reaffirmed our alliance with Israel, but saw Palestine as legitimate, talked nuclear weapons with reference to Iran, women’s rights, religious freedom, democracy

Answer 215

• Carter admin, September 1978, reckoned peace between Egypt and Israel, we committed to several billion dollars worth of annual subsidies to both govs & we’re still paying for it today, up to $3 billion per yr • Comprised 2 agreements: 1. “Framework for Peace in the Middle East:” laid out plans for governing authority in the West Bank & the Gaza strip; dealt with Palestinian territories; was condemned by the UN because the agreement was concluded w/o participation of UN & Palestine; these parts involving Palestine were eventually declared invalid & resolved 2. “Framework Peace Treaty Egypt & Israel:” led directly to the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty,

Answer 216

* Clinton admin, December 1995, put an end to the 3.5 year long Bosnian War, one of the Yugoslav Wars * Main purpose: to promote peace & stability in Bosnia & Herzegovina & to endorse regional balance in & around the former Yugoslavia

Answer 217

* Held its 1st session 1946, 1 of the 6 principal organs of the UN, charged with the maintenance of international peace & security as well as accepting new members to the UN & approving any changes to its Charter * Powers: establishment of peacekeeping ops, international sanctions, & the authorization of military action thru Security Council resolutions * Created after WWII to address the failings of the League of Nations

Answer 218

* The permanent members including the following 5 govs: China, France, Russia, UK, & US; they represent the 5 great powers considered the victors of WWII * Each has the power to veto, enabling them to prevent the adoption of any substantive draft Council Resolution regardless of the level of international support

Answer 219

• Overtime, people felt that the director of the CIA couldn’t adequately look over the entire IC’s interests

Answer 220

* Total war: completely eliminate your adversary because they pose an existential threat to you * Limited war: part of Kennedy’s flexible response, objectives are limited, the threat to us is more limited

NSC Flashcards

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