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NSCI100 > NSCI Exam 1 Terms > Flashcards

NSCI Exam 1 Terms Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

outside brain and spinal cord
composed of somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

somatic nervous system

A

interacts with external environment (voluntary)

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4
Q

afferent nerves in SNS

A

carry sensory signals from skin, joints, etc. to CNS

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5
Q

efferent nerves in SNS

A

carry motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles

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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates body’s internal environment (involuntary)

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7
Q

afferent nerves in ANS

A

carry sensory signals from organs to CNS

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8
Q

efferent nerves in CNS

A

carry motor signals from CNS to organs

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9
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

stimulates, organizes, and mobilize energy in threatening situations; changes are indicative of psychological relaxation

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10
Q

parasympathetic system

A

acts to conserve energy; changes are indicative of psychological arousal

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11
Q

dura mater

A

outer meninx (tough membrane/leather-like)

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12
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

immediately inside dura mater, spider-web like membrane

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13
Q

subarachnoid space

A

beneath arachnoid; contains blood vessels and CSF

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14
Q

pia mater

A

innermost meninx; delicate; adheres to surface of CNS

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15
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

fills subarachnoid space, central canal, and cerebral ventricles; protects CNS and supports/cushions brain

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16
Q

choroid plexus

A

lining of ventricles that help to produce CSF; barrier between blood in brain and CSF so they don’t mix

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17
Q

cerebral ventricles

A

4 large internal chambers of brain; two lateral ventricles, and 3rd and 4th ventricles

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18
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects 3rd and 4th ventricle

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19
Q

neuron

A

cells that are specialized for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals

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20
Q

cell body

A

metabolic center of neuron (soma)

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21
Q

cell membrane

A

semipermeable membrane that encloses neuron

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22
Q

dendrites

A

short processes emanating from cell body which receive most synaptic contacts from other neurons

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23
Q

axon hillock

A

cone shaped region at junction between axon and cell body

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24
Q

myelin

A

fatty insulation around many axons

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25
nodes of ranvier
gaps between myelin sheaths
26
buttons
button-like endings of axon branches which release chemicals into synapses
27
synapse
gap between adjacent neurons which chemical signals are transmitted
28
multipolar
more than 2 processes extending from cell body
29
unipolar
one process extending from cell body
30
bipolar
2 processes extending from cell body
31
interneuron
short to no axon
32
endoplasmic reticulum
system of folded membranes in cell body; rough portions play a role in synthesis of proteins; smooth portions play a role in synthesis of fats
33
cytoplasm
clear internal fluid
34
ribosomes
protein synthesis site on endoplasmic reticulum
35
Golgi complex
system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles
36
nucleus
spherical DNA-containing structure
37
mitochondria
sites of aerobic energy release
38
microtubules
responsible for rapid transport of material throughout neurons
39
synaptic vesicles
spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitters ready to release near synapses
40
neurotransmitters
molecules that are released from active neurons and influence other cell activity
41
In CNS, clusters of cell bodies are
nuclei
42
In PNS, clusters of cell bodies are
ganglia
43
In CNS, bundles of axons are
tracts
44
In PNS, bundles of axons are
nerves
45
Glial cells
provides physical/metabolic support to neurons; equal to number of neurons
46
oligodendrocytes
wrap around axons of neurons of CNS extensions rich in myelin so they form myelin sheaths that increase speed of axonal conduction
47
Schwann cells
similar function of oligodendrocytes but in PNS; one myelin segment; can guide axonal regeneration after damage
48
microglia
smaller; responds to injury by multiplying or engulfing other cells/debris
49
astrocytes
largest glial cell; star shaped extensions cover outer surfaces of blood vessels that course through brain and contact with neurons allowing/blocking chemicals from blood into CNS can contract/relax blood vessels
50
anterior
towards nose end
51
posterior
towards tail end
52
dorsal
towards surface of back or top of head
53
ventral
towards surface of chest or bottom of head
54
medial
towards midline
55
lateral
away from midline
56
superior
top of head
57
inferior
bottom of head
58
proximal
close to
59
distal
far from
60
3 main brain planes
horizontal, frontal, sagittal
61
midsagittal section
section cut down center of brain between two hemispheres
62
cross section
section cut at right angle to any long, narrow structure
63
Spinal cord gray matter
inner h-shaped core composed of cell bodies/unmyelinated neurons processing and computing
64
spinal cord white matter
composed of myelinated axons transmission/carrying signals between processing centers
65
5 divisions of brain from top to bottom
telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
66
telencephalon
largest division of human brain forebrain cerebral cortex limbic system basal ganglia olfactory system
67
limbic system
involved in behavioral/emotional responses 4 f's: fleeing, feeding, fighting, fucking
68
structures of limbic system
amygdala hippocampus thalamus hypothalamus cingulate gyrus fornix
69
amygdala
helps to process any threatening stimuli; activates necessary behavior to encounter stimuli helps process emotions in relation to stimulus helps store memory of events/emotions
70
hippocampus
learning and memory
71
thalamus
relay station for motor and sensory information except for smell
72
lateral geniculate nucleus
visual processing all info stops here before going to visual cortex
73
hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis by influencing ANS and regulating hormones
74
cingulate gyrus
helps regulate emotions and pain
75
fornix
cognition, episodic memory recall
76
basal ganglia
plays role in voluntary motor response and decision making
77
structures of basal ganglia
striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) substantia nigra globus pallidus sub thalamic nucleus nucleus accumbens
78
striatum
directing movements and decision making
79
caudate nucleus
planning execution of movement, learning, memory, reward, motivation, emotion
80
putamen
learning, motor control, speech, language, reward
81
substantia nigra
dopamine production
82
globus pallidus
controls conscious and proprioceptive movements
83
nucleus accumbens
reward circuit, motivation, action
84
diencephalon
forebrain, thalamus and hypothalamus, massa intermedia
85
massa intermedia
links thalamus across midline to third ventricle
86
mesencephalon
midbrain and brainstem vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wake cycles, arousal, alertness, temperature regulation
87
tectum
auditory and visual reflexes, eye movements superior and inferior colliculi
88
superior colliculus
visual and auditory, somatic sensory info
89
inferior colliculus
auditory, processes frequency specific information
90
medial geniculate nucleus
between inferior colliculi and auditory cortex relaying system for auditory system
91
tegmenjtum
arousal, consciousness, sleep and wake cycles reticular formation
92
reticular formation
arousal and consciousness
93
periaqueductal gray
modulation of pain, sympathetic nervous system
94
red nucleus
connected to cerebellum, cerebral cortex and spinal cord motor control and coordination
95
metencephalon
pons cerebellum
96
pons
unconscious processes, such as sleep and breathing
97
cerebellum
posture and balance, modulates commands to motor neurons to compensate for shifts in body movements
98
myelencephalon
medulla
99
medulla
unconscious processes like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing
100
corpus callosum
communication between both hemispheres
101
Parkinson's disease
characterized by rigidity, tremors and poverty of voluntary movement loss of nerve cells in substantial nigra
102
optic chiasm
point at which optic nerves from each eye come together; create x-shape enables vision
103
mammillary bodies
pair of spherical nuclei located behind pituitary gland recollective memory
104
hippocampus trilateral path
entorhinal cortex - perforant path - dentate gyrus - mossy fibers - Cornu ammonia 3 (CA3) - Shaffer collaterals - Cornu ammonia 1 (CA1) [ED is 31 and has PMS]

NSCI100 (1 decks)

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